CASE STUDIES: Application of Equations of Motion

(N-S Equations)

N-S equations are 2nd order , nonlinear , non-homogeneous

partial differential equations . They are very difficult to solve .
Only for very limited number of cases , they can be solved in
closed form .

1
Flow of a Falling Film
The first example is the flow of a falling film . Consider the
Flow of a liquid at steady state along an inclined plate.

We are looking for (1) Volume flow rate

(2) Velocity profile perpendicular to the inclined plate

2
Take a control
volume from
the system

Assumptions:
(1) Constant temperature Constant density , viscosity .
(2) Laminar Flow
(3) Neglect entrance & exit effects .

3
Start from the Navier-Stokes equation
For vz :
vx=0 vz is not function of z vz is not function of y
v z v z v z v z 2vz 2vz 2vz
vx vy vz ( 2 2 2 ) g z
t x y z z x y z

0(steady state) vy=0 Assuming vz is not function of z

uniform pressure
2vz
gz 0 gz
x 2 g
Driving force-
2vz
g cos 0 gz
Gravity only
x 2 cos
g
GDE (Governing Differential Equation)
4
2nd order , needs 2 Boundary Conditions.

B.C. (1) x 0, 0
v v
z
0 z
0
x x
xz

(2) x , vz 0

5
From GDE
2vz g ,vz is a function of x only
cos
x 2
v z dv z

2vz 1 x dx
g cos
x 2

Integrate
dvz 1
g cos x c1
dx
From B.C.(1) c1=0
dvz 1
g cos x
dx
6
Integrate again
1
vz g cos x 2 c2
2
From B.C. (2)
1
vz 0 g cos 2 c2
2
1
c2 g cos 2
2
1 1
vz g cos x
2
g cos 2
2 2
1 x 2
vz g cos [1 ( ) ]
2

2 Velocity Profile

7
When x=0 , vz=vz,max
1
vz ,max g cos 2
2
For average velocity vz

1 1 1 x 2
vz vz dx
2
g cos [(1 ( ) ]dx
0
0 2
1 1 x3
g cos [ x 2 ] |0
2 3
1
g cos [ ]
2 3
1
vz g cos 2
3
1
For volume flow rate Q (v z ) w g cos w 3
3
8
Flow Between Parallel Plates
Consider the flow of fluid between parallel plates .

Assumption :
(1) Constant density , viscosity
(2) Laminar flow
(3) Neglect entrance effect

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Start from the Navier-Stokes equation
For vz :
vx is not function of x vz=0 vx is not function of z
v x v x v x v x 2vx 2vx 2vx
vx vy vz ( 2 2 2 ) g z
t x y z x x y z
steady state vy=0 vz is not function of x 0

2 v x
2
y x Driving force-Pressure gradient
GDE

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 v x
B.C. (1) y 0, yx 0 0
y
(2) y , v x 0

1 PL P0

x L
v x 1 ( PL P0 )
2

y 2
L

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VX 1 PL P0
( ) y c1
Y L
FromB.C.(1) c1 0
v x 1 ( PL P0 )
y
y L
1 ( PL P0 ) 2
vx y c2
2 L

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From B.C. (2)

1 ( PL P0 ) 2
0 c2
2 L
1 ( PL P0 ) 2
c2
2 L
1 ( PL P0 ) 2 1 ( PL P0 ) 2
vx y
2 L 2 L
1 2 ( PL P0 )
vx (y )
2

2 L

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At y=0 , vx=vx,max

1 PL P0
vx ,max ( )
2

2 L

For average velocity

1 2 PL P0
vx vx dy
0 3 L
For volume flow rate

2 w 3 PL P0
Q
3 L

14
Flow through a Circular Tube

Consider the fully developed flow of a fluid in a along tube of

Length L and radius R .

Some assumptions
(1) Constant density and viscosity
(2) Laminar Flow
(3) Neglect entrance effect

15
 Start from the Navier-Stokes eq in cylindrical coordinate
r
r
z L
Area=2rL Area=2(r+r)L

vr=0 vz not function of z

v z v z v v z v z 1 v z 1 2vz 2vz
vr vz [ (r ) 2 ] gz
t r r z z r r r r2 2
z

steady state v=0 vz not function of vz not function of z

1 v z
0 (r ) g GDE , Driving force
z r r r
1 v z gravity+pressure gradient
(r ) g
r r r z
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 v z
B.C. (1) r 0, 0
r
r R, v z 0

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 v z r P
(r ) g
r r z
v z 1 PL P0
(r ) (r g )
r r L

Integrate
v z 1 PL P0 r 2
r ( gr ) c1
r L 2
From B.C. (1) c1=0
v z 1 PL P0 r 2
r ( gr )
r L 2
v z 1 PL P0 r
( g )
r L 2
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Integrate again
1 PL P0 r 2
vz ( gr ) c2
L 4
From B.C.(2)
1 PL P0 R 2
0 ( gr ) c 2
L 4
1 PL P0 R 2
c2 ( gr )
L 4
1 PL P0 r 2 1 PL P0 R 2
vz ( gr ) ( gr )
L 4 L 4
PL P0 R2 r 2
v z ( gr )( )[1 ( ) ] Velocity Profile
L 4 R

19
At r=0 , vz=vz,max
PL P0 R2
v z ,max ( g )( )
L 4
For average velocity
1 2 R PL P0 R2
vz 2
R
0 0
v z rdrd (
L
g )
8
For volume flow rate
PL P0 R 4
( g ) ( )
L 8 Hagen-Poiseuille Law
R4
1 related melt penetration into porous refractory

20
Creeping flow around a solid sphere

Consider the flow of an incompressible fluid about a solid sphere.

The fluid approaches the sphere upward along the z-axis with a
uniform velocity v

Assumptions
(1) Const ,
(2) V is 0
Dv
(3) Very slow flow (
, Reynolds number < 1)
Application : Inclusions Removal
21
Start from the Navier-Stokes equations in sphere coordinates(r, , )
For r-component
Acceleration terms=0 due to very slow flow

v r v r v v r v v r v2 v2
( vr ) 0 v=0
t r r r sin r
P 2 2 v 2 2 v
( v r 2 v r 2
2
2 v cot 2 ) g r
r r r r r sin

22
 : known as nabla or del is the vector differential operator .
For Cartesian coordinate

i j k
x y z
2 known as Laplacian operator
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
x y z

For spherical coordinate

1 1
r
r r r sin
2

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For the component
Acceleration terms=0

v v v v v v r v
v v2 cot
( vr )
t r r r sin r r
V=0
1 P 2 v r v 2 cos v
( V 2
2
2 2 ) g
r r r sin r sin
2 2

For continuity equation

const v=0
1 1 1
2 ( r vr )
2
( v sin ) ( v ) 0
t r r r sin r sin

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G.D.E.

1 2 1
(r v r ) (v sin ) 0
r r
2
r sin
P 2 2 v 2
( v r 2 v r 2
2
2 v cot ) g r 0
r r r r
1 P 2 v r v
( v 2
2
2 ) g 0
r r r sin 2

3 eqns , 3 unknowns (P , vr , v)

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Solve the above equations , we obtain

3 v R 4
r ( ) sin
2 R r
3 v R 2
P P0 gz ( ) cos
2 R r
3 R 1 R 3
v r v [1 ( ) ( ) ] cos
2 r 2 r
3 R 1 R 3
v v [1 ( ) ( ) ] sin
4 r 4 r

26
The normal force acting on the solid surface is due to the pressure
at the solid surface , where r=R , z=Rcos
3 v
P | r R P0 gR cos cos
2 R
2 3 v
Fn [ P0 gR cos cos ]R 2 sin dd
0 0 2 R
Buoyant force when Buoyant force due to
the fluid is stegnant fluid movement

4 3
Fn R g 2Rv
3
Fn : Buoyant force on form drag

27
As the surface , there is also shear stress acting tangentially , r

We are only interested in the z-component of the shear stress ,

rsin

28
at the surface
3 v
r | r R sin
2 R
2 3 v
Ft
sin R 2 sin dd
0 0 2 R

4Rv

Ft=friction drag

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Total force acting upward

4 3
F R g 6Rv Stokes Law
3
Fs Fk

stegnant with fluid movement

R F
(inclusions rise fast)

30