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Electrons in Atoms

Bohr Model of the Atom

nucleus (+)

electron (-)

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem


How color tells us about atoms

Atomic Spectrum
Prism
White light is made
up of all the colors of
the visible spectrum.
Passing it through a
prism separates it.

Author: Thomas V. Green Jr.


If the light is not white
By heating a gas or
with electricity we
can get it to give off
colors.
Passing this light
through a prism
does something
different.

Author: Thomas V. Green Jr.


Atomic Spectrum
Each element gives
off its own
characteristic colors.
Can be used to
identify the atom.
How we know what
stars are made of.

Author: Thomas V. Green Jr.


These are called
line spectra
unique to each
element.
These are
emission spectra
The light is
emitted given off.

Author: Thomas V. Green Jr.


Line-Emission Spectrum

Wavelength (nm)
excited state 410 nm 486 nm 656 nm
434 nm

Slits Prism

ENERGY IN PHOTON OUT

ground state

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem


Bohr Model

electrons exist only in orbits with specific


amounts of energy called energy levels
Therefore
electrons can only gain or lose certain
amounts of energy
only certain photons are produced

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem


Bohr Model

6
5
4
Energy of photon
3
2
depends on the
1
difference in energy
nucleus levels

Bohrs calculated
energies matched the
IR, visible, and UV
lines for the H atom
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
Other Elements

Each element has a unique bright-line


emission spectrum.
i.e. Atomic Fingerprint

Helium
Bohrs calculations only worked for
hydrogen!
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
Bohrs Experiment

Kelter, Carr, Scott, Chemistry A Wolrd of Choices 1999, page 76 Animation by Raymond Chang All rights reserved.
(a) Electronic absorption transition

(b) H2 emission spectrum (top), H2


absorption spectrum (bottom)
Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.
continuous spectrum

gas
absorption spectrum
hot source

emission spectrum
Hydrogen Spectral Lines
Lyman series Balmer series Paschen series
(ultraviolet) (visible) (infrared)
Frequency 1016 1015 1014
(hertz)

n= 765 4 3 2 1
HYDROGEN SPECTRAL LINES (ultraviolet)

(visible)

(infrared)

Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.


Hydrogen Spectral Lines
Bohrs model of the atom accounted mathematically for the energy of each of the transitions shown.

ionization

IR
E6
region
E5
656 nm
E4

E3
A B C D

486 nm
Paschen (IR)
E2
A B C D E
Energy

434 nm
Balmer (Visible)

410 nm

UV
region
E1
A B C D E F

Lyman series (UV)


Davis, Metcalfe, Williams, Castka, Modern Chemistry, 1999, page 97
Electronic Transitions in the
Excited Hydrogen Atom

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