Reactions of acids and

bases
Reactions of Oxides
Making salts
Year 10
 Oxides
Oxides are compounds containing Oxygen and
another element.
Oxides can be classified into 4 types by their
behaviour during reactions:
Basic Oxides
Acidic Oxides
Amphoteric Oxides
Neutral Oxides
 Oxides
Basic Oxides
These are part of a larger group of compounds
called bases.
The element bonded to oxygen is a metal and is
insoluble in water, but is soluble in acid, which it
neutralises

Metal Oxide + Acid Salt + Water

CuO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CuCl2(aq) + H2O (l)

 Oxides
Acidic Oxides
In general, non-metals reacted with oxygen to form
acidic oxides.

Acidic oxides react with water to form acids.

Carbon dioxide + Water Carbonic acid
CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)

Other non-metal oxides also produce acids when

placed in water. SO2 , P4O10. and others
 Oxides
Amphoteric Oxides
Amphoteric oxides will react with both acids and
alkalis.

Aluminium Oxide + acid Al salt + water

Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

Aluminium Oxide + base Al salt + water

Al2O3 + 6NaOH 2Na3AlO3 + 3H2O

Zinc is also amphoteric

 Oxides
Neutral Oxides
Oxides of non-metals that are neither acidic nor
basic.

Neutral oxides do not react with acids or bases

Carbon monoxide (CO), dinitrogen oxide (N2O)

are examples of non-metal oxides that do not react
with water.
 Making Salts
Salts can be made by reacting acids with
metals

insoluble bases

soluble bases (alkalis)

or carbonates.
 Making Salts
Starting with a metal
Metal + Acid Metal Salt + Hydrogen gas
Procedure:
Add metal to acid, when reaction is completed (i.e.
no more gas bubbles),
Remove any excess metal by filtration.
Heat remaining solution to evaporate water,
leaving salt crystals behind.
 Making Salts
Starting with an insoluble base (a metal oxide).
Metal oxide + Acid metal salt + Water
Procedure
Add insoluble base to an acid and heat. Reaction
is completed when no more metal oxide will
dissolve.
Filter excess metal oxide from solution.
Heat the solution to evaporate the water, leaving
the metal salt crystals behind.
 Making Salts
Starting with a soluble base (alkali).
Metal hydroxide + Acid metal salt + Water
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O
Procedure
Add HCl to NaOH (it is dangerous to add the
NaOH to the HCL)
Measure the resulting change in pH and stop when
the solution is neutral. Use indicator or pH meter.
Heat the solution to remove the water and leave
the salt behind.
 Learning Check
Describe how you would produce and collect
the salt of a reaction of Zn and HCl:

1. Add metal to acid, until the reaction is completed

(i.e. no more gas bubbles),
2. Remove any excess metal by filtration.
3. Heat remaining solution to evaporate water,
leaving salt crystals behind.
 Learning Check
Describe how you would produce and collect
the salt of a reaction of CuO and HCl:

1. Add CuO to acid and heat until the oxide will no

longer dissolve (i.e. sediment on the bottom).
2. Remove any excess CuO by filtration.
3. Heat remaining solution to evaporate water,
leaving salt crystals behind.
 Making Salts by Precipitation
Not all salts are soluble. Here are the rules.
Soluble Insoluble
All Na+, K+ and NH4+ salts

All nitrates

Chlorides Except Ag and Pb chloride

Sulfates Except Ca, Ba, and Pb sulfate

All Na+, K+ and NH4+ But all other

carbonates carbonates are
insoluble
 Making Salts by Precipitation
Making an insoluble salt by precipitation starts
with mixing two solutions containing soluble
salts.
In choosing these solutions, the positive ion of the
insoluble salt must be present in one and the
negative ion of the insoluble salt is in the other
solution.
i.e. BaCl2 + MgSO4 BaSO4 (s) + MgCl2
 Making Salts by Precipitation
Procedure for a precipitation reaction
Make up solutions of the soluble ions (positive
and negative)
Mix them and observe the precipitate.
Filter the mixture to trap the precipitate
Rinse the precipitate with distilled water.
Place the precipitate in oven to dry
 Making Salts by Precipitation
Uses of precipitation reactions:
Coloured pigments for paint
Removing pollutants from water
Photographic film:
To start, AgNO3 + KBr AgBr (s) thin film
Light breaks 2AgBr 2Ag(s) + Br2(l)
A thin layer of Ag remains only where light has struck
the film. The Bromine is washed away, leaving he solid
Ag where the light has struck.
 Learning Check
Use the Solubility Rules Chart to determine what
possible starting solutions you could use to
create the salt AgCl2 by precipitation reaction?
 Making Salts by Precipitation
.Remember, AgCl2 is what we want so we
must start with Ag+ in something soluble and
Cl in something soluble.
Soluble Insoluble
All Na+, K+ and NH4+ salts

All nitrates
Chlorides Except Ag and Pb chloride
Sulfates Except Ca, Ba, and Pb sulfate
All Na+, K+ and NH4+ But all other carbonates
carbonates are insoluble
 Learning Check
Use the Solubility Rules Chart to determine what
possible starting solutions you could use to
create the salt AgCl2 by precipitation reaction?

Ag(NO3)2 + 2NaCl 2NaNO3 + AgCl2

Others?
2 (NH4)Cl + AgSO4 (NH4)2SO4 + AgCl2
Balanced?