Acids and Bases

Stomach Acid & Heartburn

the cells that line your stomach produce
hydrochloric acid
to kill unwanted bacteria
to help break down food
to activate enzymes that break down food
if the stomach acid backs up into your esophagus, it
irritates those tissues, resulting in heartburn
acid reflux
GERD = gastroesophageal reflux disease = chronic
leaking of stomach acid into the esophagus
 Properties of Acids
sour taste
react with active metals
i.e., Al, Zn, Fe, but not Cu, Ag, or Au
2 Al + 6 HCl AlCl3 + 3 H2
corrosive
react with carbonates, producing CO2
marble, baking soda, chalk, limestone
CaCO3 + 2 HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
change color of vegetable dyes
blue litmus turns red
react with bases to form ionic salts
 Common Acids
Chemical Name Formula Uses
Nitric Acid HNO3 explosive, fertilizer, dye, glue
explosive, fertilizer, dye, glue,
Sulfuric Acid H2SO4
batteries
metal cleaning, food prep, ore
Hydrochloric Acid HCl
refining, stomach acid
fertilizer, plastics & rubber,
Phosphoric Acid H3PO4
food preservation
plastics & rubber, food
Acetic Acid HC2H3O2
preservation, Vinegar
Hydrofluoric Acid HF metal cleaning, glass etching
Carbonic Acid H2CO3 soda water
 Structures of Acids
binary acids have acid hydrogens attached to
a nonmetal atom
HCl, HF
 Structure of Acids
oxy acids have acid hydrogens attached to
an oxygen atom
H2SO4, HNO3
 Structure of Acids
carboxylic acids have
COOH group
HC2H3O2, H3C6H5O7
only the first H in the
formula is acidic
the H is on the COOH
 Properties of Bases
also known as alkalis
taste bitter
alkaloids = plant product that is alkaline
often poisonous

solutions feel slippery

change color of vegetable dyes
different color than acid
red litmus turns blue
react with acids to form ionic salts
neutralization
 Common Bases
Chemical Common
Formula Uses Strength
Name Name
sodium lye, soap, plastic,
NaOH Strong
hydroxide caustic soda petrol refining
potassium soap, cotton,
KOH caustic potash Strong
hydroxide electroplating
calcium
Ca(OH)2 slaked lime cement Strong
hydroxide
sodium
NaHCO3 baking soda cooking, antacid Weak
bicarbonate
magnesium milk of
Mg(OH)2 antacid Weak
hydroxide magnesia
detergent,
ammonium NH4OH, ammonia
fertilizer, Weak
hydroxide {NH3(aq)} water
explosives, fibers
 Structure of Bases
most ionic bases contain OH- ions
NaOH, Ca(OH)2
some contain CO32- ions
CaCO3 NaHCO3
molecular bases contain structures
that react with H+
mostly amine groups
 Indicators
chemicals which change color depending on the
acidity/basicity
many vegetable dyes are indicators
anthocyanins
litmus
from Spanish moss
red in acid, blue in base
phenolphthalein
found in laxatives
red in base, colorless in acid
Ask Mulik
 Arrhenius Theory
bases dissociate in water to produce OH- ions and
cations
ionic substances dissociate in water
NaOH(aq) Na+(aq) + OH(aq)
acids ionize in water to produce H+ ions and anions
because molecular acids are not made of ions, they cannot
dissociate
they must be pulled apart, or ionized, by the water
HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl(aq)
in formula, ionizable H written in front
HC2H3O2(aq) H+(aq) + C2H3O2(aq)
 Arrhenius Theory

HCl ionizes in water, NaOH dissociates in water,

producing H+ and Cl ions producing Na+ and OH ions
 Hydronium Ion
the H+ ions produced by the acid are so reactive they
cannot exist in water
H+ ions are protons!!
instead, they react with a water molecule(s) to produce
complex ions, mainly hydronium ion, H3O+
H+ + H2O H3O+
there are also minor amounts of H+ with multiple water
molecules, H(H2O)n+
 Arrhenius Acid-Base Reactions
the H+ from the acid combines with the OH-
from the base to make a molecule of H 2O
it is often helpful to think of H2O as H-OH
the cation from the base combines with the
anion from the acid to make a salt
acid + base salt + water
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
 Problems with Arrhenius Theory
does not explain why molecular substances, like NH3,
dissolve in water to form basic solutions even though
they do not contain OH ions
does not explain how some ionic compounds, like
Na2CO3 or Na2O, dissolve in water to form basic
solutions even though they do not contain OH ions
does not explain why molecular substances, like CO 2,
dissolve in water to form acidic solutions even
though they do not contain H+ ions
does not explain acid-base reactions that take place
outside aqueous solution
 18
Lewis
Lewis Acids
Acids &
& Bases
Bases
Lewis acid = electron
pair acceptor (BF3)
Lewis base =
electron pair donor
(NH3)

Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

All rights reserved
 19
Lewis
Lewis Acids
Acids &
& Bases
Bases
A Lewis acid and base can interact by
sharing an electron pair.

Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

All rights reserved
 20

Lewis Acids & Bases

A Lewis acid and base can interact by
sharing an electron pair.
Formation of hydronium ion is an excellent
example.

OH
OH
+
++ H
H OH
OH
HH H
H H
H
ACID
ACID BASE
BASE

Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

All rights reserved
 21

Lewis Acids & Bases

Other good examples involve metal ions.

OH 2+
2+ Co OH
Co
H
H
ACID BASE

Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

All rights reserved
 22

Lewis Acids & Bases

Other good examples involve metal ions.



OH
OH 2+

2+ Co 2+
Co
OH
OH
Co 2+
Co
H
H
H
H
ACID
ACID BASE
BASE
Such bonds as the H2O ---> Co bond are often
called COORDINATE COVALENT BONDS
because both electrons are supplied by one
of the atoms of the bond.

Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company

All rights reserved
 Lewis Acid - Base Theory
electron sharing
electron donor = Lewis Base = nucleophile
must have a lone pair of electrons
electron acceptor = Lewis Acid = electrophile
electron deficient
when Lewis Base gives electrons from lone
pair to Lewis Acid, a covalent bond forms
between the molecules
 Practice - Complete the Following
Lewis Acid-Base Reactions

BF3 + HF

CaO + SO3

KI + I2
 Practice - Complete the Following
Lewis Acid-Base Reactions

BF3 + HF H+1BF4-1 F F -1
Ele Nuc
H F +B H+1 F

c F B F
F F
CaO + SO3 Ca+2SO4-2 O
Nuc Elec O -2
Ca+2 O -2
+S


O Ca+2 O S O
O
KI + I2 KI3
O
Nuc Elec
K+1 I -1
+ I I K+1 I I I -1

 Brnsted-Lowry Theory
in a Brnsted-Lowry Acid-Base reaction, an
H+ is transferred
does not have to take place in aqueous solution
broader definition than Arrhenius
acid is H+ donor, base is H+ acceptor
base structure must contain an atom with an
unshared pair of electrons
in an acid-base reaction, the acid molecule
gives an H+ to the base molecule
HA + :B :A + HB+
 Brnsted-Lowry Acids
Brnsted-Lowry acids are H+ donors
any material that has H can potentially be a
Brnsted-Lowry acid
because of the molecular structure, often one H in
the molecule is easier to transfer than others
HCl(aq) is acidic because HCl transfers an H+ to
H2O, forming H3O+ ions
water acts as base, accepting H+

HCl(aq) + H2O(l) Cl(aq) + H3O+(aq)

acid base
 Brnsted-Lowry Bases
Brnsted-Lowry bases are H+ acceptors
any material that has atoms with lone pairs can
potentially be a Brnsted-Lowry base
because of the molecular structure, often one atom in
the molecule is more willing to accept H+ transfer
than others
NH3(aq) is basic because NH3 accepts an H+
from H2O, forming OH(aq)
water acts as acid, donating H+
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH
(aq)
base acid
 Amphoteric Substances
amphoteric substances can act as either an
acid or a base
have both transferable H and atom with lone pair
water acts as base, accepting H+ from HCl
HCl(aq) + H2O(l) Cl(aq) + H3O+(aq)
water acts as acid, donating H+ to NH3
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH(aq)
 Brnsted-Lowry
Acid-Base Reactions
one of the advantages of Brnsted-Lowry theory is that
it allows reactions to be reversible
HA + :B :A + HB+
the original base has an extra H+ after the reaction so
it will act as an acid in the reverse process
and the original acid has a lone pair of electrons after
the reaction so it will act as a base in the reverse
process
:A + HB+ HA + :B
 Conjugate Pairs
In a Brnsted-Lowry Acid-Base reaction, the
original base becomes an acid in the reverse
reaction, and the original acid becomes a base in
the reverse process
each reactant and the product it becomes is
called a conjugate pair
the original base becomes the conjugate acid;
and the original acid becomes the conjugate base
 Brnsted-Lowry
Acid-Base Reactions
HA + :B :A + HB+
acid base conjugate conjugate
base acid
HCHO2 + H2O CHO2 + H3O+
acid base conjugate conjugate
base acid
H2O + NH3 HO + NH4+
acid base conjugate conjugate
base acid
 Conjugate Pairs
In the reaction H2O + NH3 HO + NH4+
H2O and HO constitute an
Acid/Conjugate Base pair

NH3 and NH4+ constitute a

Base/Conjugate Acid pair
Ex 15.1a Identify the Brnsted-Lowry Acids and
Bases and Their Conjugates in the Reaction

H2SO4 + H2O HSO4 + H3O+

When the H2SO4 becomes HSO4, it lost an H+ so
H2SO4 must be the acid and HSO4 its conjugate base
When the H2O becomes H3O+, it accepted an H+ so
H2O must be the base and H3O+ its conjugate acid
H2SO4 + H2O HSO4 + H3O+
acid base conjugate conjugate
base acid
Ex 15.1b Identify the Brnsted-Lowry Acids and
Bases and Their Conjugates in the Reaction
HCO3 + H2O H2CO3 + HO
When the HCO3 becomes H2CO3, it accepted an H+ so
HCO3 must be the base and H2CO3 its conjugate acid
When the H2O becomes OH, it donated an H+ so
H2O must be the acid and OH its conjugate base
HCO3 + H2O H2CO3 + HO
base acid conjugate conjugate
acid base
 Practice Write the formula for the
conjugate acid of the following
H2O

NH3

CO32

H2PO41
 Practice Write the formula for the
conjugate base of the following
H2O

NH3

CO32

H2PO41
 Practice Write the formula for the
conjugate base of the following
H2O HO

NH3 NH2

CO32 since CO32 does not have an H, it

cannot be an acid

H2PO41 HPO42
 Arrow Conventions
chemists commonly use two kinds of
arrows in reactions to indicate the
degree of completion of the reactions
a single arrow indicates all the reactant
molecules are converted to product
molecules at the end
a double arrow indicates the reaction
stops when only some of the reactant
molecules have been converted into
products
in these notes
 Strong or Weak
a strong acid is a strong electrolyte
practically all the acid molecules ionize,
a strong base is a strong electrolyte
practically all the base molecules form OH ions, either through
dissociation or reaction with water,
a weak acid is a weak electrolyte
only a small percentage of the molecules ionize,
a weak base is a weak electrolyte
only a small percentage of the base molecules form OH ions,
either through dissociation or reaction with water,
 Strong Acids
The stronger the acid, the
more willing it is to donate H HCl H+ + Cl-
use water as the standard base HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-

strong acids donate

practically all their Hs
100% ionized in water
strong electrolyte
[H3O+] = [strong acid]
 Weak Acids
weak acids donate a small HF H+ + F-
fraction of their Hs HF + H2O H3O+ + F-
most of the weak acid
molecules do not donate H
to water
much less than 1% ionized
in water
[H3O+] << [weak acid]
 Polyprotic Acids
often acid molecules have more than one ionizable H
these are called polyprotic acids
the ionizable Hs may have different acid strengths or be equal
1 H = monoprotic, 2 H = diprotic, 3 H = triprotic
HCl = monoprotic, H2SO4 = diprotic, H3PO4 = triprotic

polyprotic acids ionize in steps

each ionizable H removed sequentially
removing of the first H automatically makes removal of
the second H harder
H2SO4 is a stronger acid than HSO4
 Acids Conjugate Bases
HClO4 ClO4-1
H2SO4 HSO4-1
HI I-1
HBr Br-1

Increasing Basicity
HCl Cl-1
HNO3 NO3-1
H3O+1 H2O
HSO4-1 SO4-2
H2SO3 HSO3-1
H3PO4 H2PO4-1
Increasing Acidity HNO2 NO2-1
HF F-1
HC2H3O2 C2H3O2-1
H2CO3 HCO3-1
H2S HS-1
NH4+1 NH3
HCN CN-1
HCO3-1 CO3-2
HS-1 S-2
H2O OH-1
CH3-C(O)-CH3 CH3-C(O)-CH2-1
NH3 NH2-1
CH4 CH3-1
OH-1 O-2
 Strengths of Acids & Bases
commonly, acid or base strength is measured by
determining the equilibrium constant of a substances
reaction with water
HAcid + H2O Acid-1 + H3O+1
Base: + H2O HBase+1 + OH-1
the farther the equilibrium position lies to the products,
the stronger the acid or base
the position of equilibrium depends on the strength of
attraction between the base form and the H+
stronger attraction means stronger base or weaker acid
 General Trends in Acidity
the stronger an acid is at donating H, the
weaker the conjugate base is at accepting H
higher oxidation number = stronger oxyacid
H2SO4 > H2SO3; HNO3 > HNO2
cation stronger acid than neutral molecule;
neutral stronger acid than anion
H3O+1 > H2O > OH-1; NH4+1 > NH3 > NH2-1
base trend opposite
 Acid Ionization Constant, Ka
acid strength measured by the size of the
equilibrium constant when react with H 2O
HAcid + H2O Acid-1 + H3O+1
the equilibrium constant is called the acid
ionization constant, Ka
larger Ka = stronger acid
1 1
[Acid ] [H 3O ]
Ka
[HAcid]
Kesetimbangan asam
basa :

HF + HNO2

HCOOH + CH3COOH
 Name Formula Ka1 Ka2
Benzoic C6H5COOH 6.14 x 10-5
Propanoic CH3CH2COOH 1.34 x 10-5
Formic HCOOH 1.77 x 10-5
Acetic CH3COOH 1.75 x 10-5
Chloroacetic ClCH2COOH 1.36 x 10-5
Trichloroacetic Cl3C-COOH 1.29 x 10-4
Oxalic HOOC-COOH 5.90 x 10-2 6.40 x 10-5
Nitric HNO3 strong
Nitrous HNO2 4.6 x 10-4
Phosphoric H3PO4 7.52 x 10-3 6.23 x 10-8 2.2
Phosphorous H3PO3 1.00 x 10-2 2.6 x 10-7
Arsenic H3AsO4 6.0 x 10-3 1.05 x 10-7 3.0
Arsenious H3AsO3 6.0 x 10-10 3.0 x 10-14 ver
Perchloric HClO4 > 108
Chloric HClO3 5 x 102
Chlorous HClO2 1.1 x 10-2
 Autoionization of Water
Water is actually an extremely weak electrolyte
therefore there must be a few ions present
about 1 out of every 10 million water molecules
form ions through a process called
autoionization
H2O H+ + OH
H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH
all aqueous solutions contain both H3O+ and OH
the concentration of H3O+ and OH are equal in water
[H3O+] = [OH] = 10-7M @ 25C
 When 1 out of every 10 million water molecules form
ions through a process called autoionization
H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH
Given: Initial 107 M [OH] = 1 [H+] = 1
Find: Kw
Concept Plan:
[H3O+] [OH]
-
K w [ H 3O ][OH ]
Relationships:
Solution:
K w [ H 3O ][OH - ]
Kw
[OH - ]
[ H 3O ]

Check: The units are correct. The fact that the

[H3O+] < [OH] means the solution is basic
 Ion Product of Water
the product of the H3O+ and OH
concentrations is always the same number
the number is called the ion product of
water and has the symbol Kw
[H3O+] x [OH] = Kw = 1 x 10-14 at 25C
if you measure one of the concentrations, you
can calculate the other
as [H3O+] increases the [OH] must decrease
so the product stays constant
inversely proportional
 Acidic and Basic Solutions
all aqueous solutions contain both H3O+ and OH
ions
neutral solutions have equal [H3O+] and [OH]
[H3O+] = [OH] = 1 x 10-7
acidic solutions have a larger [H3O+] than [OH]
[H3O+] > 1 x 10-7; [OH] < 1 x 10-7
basic solutions have a larger [OH] than [H3O+]
[H3O+] < 1 x 10-7; [OH] > 1 x 10-7
 Example 15.2b Calculate the [OH] at 25C when the
[H3O+] = 1.5 x 10-9 M, and determine if the solution is
acidic, basic, or neutral
Given: [H3O+] = 1.5 x 10-9 M
Find: [OH]
Concept Plan:
[H3O+] [OH]
-
K w [ H 3O ][OH ]
Relationships:
Solution:
K w [ H 3O ][OH - ]
-] 1.0 10 14 6
K [OH 6 . 7 10 M
[OH - ] w
1.5 10 9
[ H 3O ]
Check: The units are correct. The fact that the
[H3O+] < [OH] means the solution is basic
 Complete the Table
[H+] vs. [OH-]
Acid Base
[H+] 100 10-1 10-3 10-5 10-7 10-9 10-11 10-13 10-14
H+
H +

H H
H
+
+ +
OH OH - -
OH- OH - OH -
[OH-]10-14 10-13 10-11 10-9 10-7 10-5 10-3 10-1 100
even though it may look like it, neither H+ nor OH- will ever be 0
the sizes of the H+ and OH- are not to scale
because the divisions are powers of 10 rather than units
 pH
the acidity/basicity of a solution is often
expressed as pH
pH = -log[H3O+], [H3O+] = 10-pH
exponent on 10 with a positive sign
pHwater = -log[10-7] = 7
need to know the [H+] concentration to find pH
pH < 7 is acidic; pH > 7 is basic, pH = 7 is
neutral
 Sig. Figs. & Logs
when you take the log of a number written in scientific
notation, the digit(s) before the decimal point come from
the exponent on 10, and the digits after the decimal point
come from the decimal part of the number
log(2.0 x 106) = log(106) + log(2.0)
= 6 + 0.30303 = 6.30303...
since the part of the scientific notation number that
determines the significant figures is the decimal part, the
sig figs are the digits after the decimal point in the log
log(2.0 x 106) = 6.30
 pH
the lower the pH, the more acidic the solution; the
higher the pH, the more basic the solution
1 pH unit corresponds to a factor of 10 difference
in acidity
normal range 0 to 14
pH 0 is [H+] = 1 M, pH 14 is [OH] = 1 M
pH can be negative (very acidic) or larger than 14
(very alkaline)
pH of Common Substances
Substance pH
1.0 M HCl 0.0
0.1 M HCl 1.0
stomach acid 1.0 to 3.0
lemons 2.2 to 2.4
soft drinks 2.0 to 4.0
plums 2.8 to 3.0
apples 2.9 to 3.3
cherries 3.2 to 4.0
unpolluted rainwater 5.6
human blood 7.3 to 7.4
egg whites 7.6 to 8.0
milk of magnesia (satd Mg(OH)2) 10.5
household ammonia 10.5 to 11.5
1.0 M NaOH 14
 Example 15.3b Calculate the pH at 25C when the
[OH] = 1.3 x 10-2 M, and determine if the solution is
acidic, basic, or neutral
Given: [OH] = 1.3 x 10-2 M
Find: pH
Concept Plan:
[OH] [H3O+] pH

Relationships: K w [ H 3O ][OH - ] pH - log[H 3O ]

Solution:
K w [ H 3O ][OH - ] [H3O ] 7.7 10 13 M

[ H 3O ]
1. 0 10 14

pH - log 7.7 10 13
1.3 102 pH 12.11
Check: pH is unitless. The fact that the pH > 7 means the
solution is basic
 pOH
another way of expressing the acidity/basicity of
a solution is pOH
pOH = -log[OH], [OH] = 10-pOH
pOHwater = -log[10-7] = 7
need to know the [OH] concentration to find pOH
pOH < 7 is basic; pOH > 7 is acidic, pOH = 7 is
neutral
 Relationship between pH and pOH
the sum of the pH and pOH of a solution = 14.00
at 25C
can use pOH to find pH of a solution

[ H 3O ][OH - ] K w 1.0 1014

log[H O ][OH- ] log1.0 1014
3

log[H 3O ] log[OH ] 14.00

-
pH pOH 14.00
 pK
a way of expressing the strength of an acid or
base is pK
pKa = -log(Ka), Ka = 10-pKa
pKb = -log(Kb), Kb = 10-pKb
the stronger the acid, the smaller the pKa
larger Ka = smaller pKa
because it is the log
 Finding the pH of a Strong Acid
there are two sources of H3O+ in an aqueous solution of a
strong acid the acid and the water
for the strong acid, the contribution of the water to the total
[H3O+] is negligible
shifts the Kw equilibrium to the left so far that [H3O+]water is too small
to be significant
except in very dilute solutions, generally < 1 x 10 -4 M
for a monoprotic strong acid [H3O+] = [HAcid]
for polyprotic acids, the other ionizations can generally be ignored
0.10 M HCl has [H3O+] = 0.10 M and pH = 1.00
Tentukan pH larutan HCl 1,00x10-8 M

H2O H+ +
OH
HCl H+ + Cl-
 Finding the pH of a Weak Acid
there are also two sources of H3O+ in and aqueous
solution of a weak acid the acid and the water
however, finding the [H3O+] is complicated by the
fact that the acid only undergoes partial ionization
calculating the [H3O+] requires solving an
equilibrium problem for the reaction that defines
the acidity of the acid
HAcid + H2O Acid + H3O+
 Ex 15.6 Find the pH of 0.200 M HNO2(aq)
solution @ 25C
Write the reaction for HNO2 + H2O NO2 +
the acid with water
HK3O
a
+
for HNO2 = 4.6 x 10 -4
Construct an ICE
table for the reaction [HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]
Enter the initial initial 0.200 0 0
concentrations
assuming the [H3O+] change
from water is 0 equilibrium

since no products initially, Qc = 0, and the reaction is proceeding forward

 Ex 15.6 Find the pH of 0.200 M HNO2(aq)
solution @ 25C
HNO2 + H2O NO2 + H3O+
represent the change
in the concentrations [HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]
in terms of x initial 0.200 0 0
sum the columns to change x +x +x
find the equilibrium equilibrium 0.200 x x x
concentrations in
terms of x
Ka
[NO -2 ][ H 3O ]

x x
substitute into the
equilibrium constant HNO 2 2.00 101 x
expression
 Ex 15.6 Find the pH of 0.200 M HNO2(aq)
solution @ 25C
determine the value of Ka for HNO2 = 4.6 x 10-4
Ka from Table 15.5 [HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]
since Ka is very small, initial 0.200 0 0
approximate the
[HNO2]eq = [HNO2]init change -x +x +x
and solve for x 0.200x
equilibrium 0.200 x x

Ka
NO H O
-
2 3


xxx x
x 4.6 10 2.00 10
4 1
HNO2 2.00 10 x 1

2 x 9.6 103
4 x
4.6 10
2.00 10 1
Ex 15.6 Find the pH of 0.200 M HNO2(aq)
solution @ 25C
Ka for HNO2 = 4.6 x 10-4
check if the [HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]
approximation is
valid by seeing if x initial 0.200 0 0
< 5% of [HNO2]init change -x +x +x
equilibrium 0.200 x x
x = 9.6 x 10-3
3
9.6 10
1
100% 4.8% 5%
2.00 10
the approximation is valid
 Ex 15.6 Find the pH of 0.200 M HNO2(aq)
solution @ 25C
Ka for HNO2 = 4.6 x 10-4
substitute x into the [HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]
equilibrium
concentration initial 0.200 0 0
definitions and solve change -x +x +x
equilibrium 0.200-x
0.190 x
0.0096 x
0.0096
x = 9.6 x 10-3
HNO 2 0.200 x 0.200 9.6 103 0.190 M
NO H O x 9.6 10
-
2 3
3
M
 Ex 15.6 Find the pH of 0.200 M HNO2(aq)
solution @ 25C
Ka for HNO2 = 4.6 x 10-4
substitute [H3O+] into [HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]
the formula for pH
and solve initial 0.200 0 0
change -x +x +x
equilibrium 0.190 0.0096 0.0096

pH -log H 3O


log 9.6 10 3
2.02
 Ex 15.6 Find the pH of 0.200 M HNO2(aq)
solution @ 25C
Ka for HNO2 = 4.6 x 10-4
check by substituting [HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]
the equilibrium
concentrations back into initial 0.200 0 0
the equilibrium constant change -x +x +x
expression and
comparing the calculated equilibrium 0.190 0.0096 0.0096
Ka to the given Ka

Ka
NO H O
-
2 3

though not exact, HNO2

the answer is
reasonably close
9.6 10
3 2
4.9 104
0.190
Practice - What is the pH of a 0.012 M solution of
nicotinic acid, HC6H4NO2?
(Ka = 1.4 x 10-5 @ 25C)
Practice - What is the pH of a 0.012 M solution of
nicotinic acid, HC6H4NO2?
Write the reaction for
the acid with water
HC H
6 4NO2 + H2 O C H
6 4 NO2

+ H3O+

Construct an ICE [HA] [A-] [H3O+]

table for the reaction
initial 0.012 0 0
Enter the initial change
concentrations
assuming the [H3O+] equilibrium
from water is 0
Practice - What is the pH of a 0.012 M solution of
nicotinic acid, HC6H4NO2?
HC6H4NO2 + H2O C6H4NO2 + H3O+
represent the change
in the concentrations [HA] [A-] [H3O+]
in terms of x initial 0.012 0 0
sum the columns to change x +x +x
find the equilibrium equilibrium 0.012 x x x
concentrations in
terms of x
Ka
[C6 H 4 NO -2 ][ H 3O ]

x x
substitute into the
equilibrium constant
HC6 H 4 NO2 1.2 102 x
expression
 Practice - What is the pH of a 0.012 M solution of
nicotinic acid, HC6H4NO2? Ka = 1.4 x 10-5 @ 25C
HC6H4NO2 + H2O C6H4NO2 + H3O+
determine the value of
Ka [HA] [A2-] [H3O+]
since Ka is very small, initial 0.012 0 0
approximate the
[HA]eq = [HA]init and change -x +x +x
solve for x 0.012x
equilibrium 0.012 x x

Ka
A H O
-


xxxx x 1.4 10 1.2 10
5 2
1.2 10 x
3
HA 2

2 x 4.110 4
5 x
1.4 10
1.2 10 2
 Practice - What is the pH of a 0.012 M solution of
nicotinic acid, HC6H4NO2? Ka = 1.4 x 10-5 @ 25C
Ka for HC6H4NO2 = 1.4 x 10-5
check if the [HA] [A2-] [H3O+]
approximation is
valid by seeing if initial 0.012 0 0
x < 5% of change -x +x +x
[HC6H4NO2]init
equilibrium 0.012 x x
x = 4.1 x 10-4
4
4.110
2
100% 3.4% 5%
1.2 10
the approximation is valid
 Practice - What is the pH of a 0.012 M solution of
nicotinic acid, HC6H4NO2? Ka = 1.4 x 10-5 @ 25C

[HA] [A2-] [H3O+]

substitute x into the
equilibrium initial 0.012 0 0
concentration
definitions and solve change -x +x +x
equilibrium 0.012-x x x
x = 4.1 x 10-4

HC H NO 0.012 x 0.012 4.110 0.012 M

6 4 2
4

C H NO H O x 4.110
6 4
-
2 3
4
M
 Practice - What is the pH of a 0.012 M solution of
nicotinic acid, HC6H4NO2? Ka = 1.4 x 10-5 @ 25C

[HA] [A2-] [H3O+]

substitute [H3O+] into
the formula for pH initial 0.012 0 0
and solve
change -x +x +x
equilibrium 0.012 0.00041 0.00041

pH -log H 3O


log 4.1 10 4
3.39
 Practice - What is the pH of a 0.012 M solution of
nicotinic acid, HC6H4NO2? Ka = 1.4 x 10-5 @ 25C

check by substituting [HA] [A2-] [H3O+]

the equilibrium
concentrations back into initial 0.012 0 0
the equilibrium constant change -x +x +x
expression and
comparing the calculated equilibrium 0.012 0.00041 0.00041
Ka to the given Ka
[C6 H 4 NO-2 ][ H 3O ]
Ka
the values match
HC6 H 4 NO2

4.1 10
4 2
1.4 105
1.2 10
2
 Ex 15.7 Find the pH of 0.100 M HClO2(aq)
solution @ 25C
Write the reaction for HClO2 + H2O ClO2 + H3O+
the acid with water
Ka for HClO2 = 1.1 x 10-2
Construct an ICE
table for the reaction [HClO2] [ClO2-] [H3O+]
Enter the initial initial 0.100 0 0
concentrations change
assuming the [H3O+]
from water is 0 equilibrium
 Ex 15.7 Find the pH of 0.100 M HClO2(aq)
solution @ 25C
Ka for HClO2 = 1.1 x 10-2
represent the change [HClO2] [ClO2-] [H3O+]
in the concentrations
in terms of x initial 0.100 0 0
change -x +x +x
sum the columns to
find the equilibrium equilibrium 0.100-x x x
concentrations in
terms of x
Ka
[ClO-2 ][ H 3O ]

x x
substitute into the
equilibrium constant HClO2 1.00 101 x
expression
 Ex 15.7 Find the pH of 0.100 M HClO2(aq)
solution @ 25C
determine the value of Ka for HClO2 = 1.1 x 10-2
Ka from Table 15.5 [HClO2] [ClO2-] [H3O+]
since Ka is very small, initial 0.100 0 0
approximate the
[HClO2]eq = [HClO2]init change -x +x +x
and solve for x equilibrium 0.100-x x x

ClO H O x x
1.110 1.00 10
-
Ka 2 3
2 1
x
HClO2 1.00 10 1

2 x 3.3 102
2 x
1.1 10
1.00 101
 Ex 15.7 Find the pH of 0.100 M HClO2(aq)
solution @ 25C
Ka for HClO2 = 1.1 x 10-2
check if the [HClO2] [ClO2-] [H3O+]
approximation is
valid by seeing if x initial 0.100 0 0
< 5% of [HNO2]init change -x +x +x
equilibrium 0.100-x x x

x = 3.3 x 10-2
2
3.3 10
1
100% 33% 5%
1.00 10
the approximation is invalid
 Ex 15.7 Find the pH of 0.100 M HClO2(aq)
solution @ 25C
Ka for HClO2 = 1.1 x 10-2
if the approximation
Ka
ClO H O
-
2 3


x x
is invalid, solve for x HClO2 1.00 10 1
x
using the quadratic
formula x2
1.110 2
1.00 10 1
x
0 x 2 0.011x 0.0011
0.011 0.011 2 4(1)(0.0011)
x
2(1)
x 0.028 or - 0.039
 Ex 15.7 Find the pH of 0.100 M HClO2(aq)
solution @ 25C
Ka for HClO2 = 1.1 x 10-2
substitute x into the [HClO2] [ClO2-] [H3O+]
equilibrium
concentration initial 0.100 0 0
definitions and solve change -x +x +x
equilibrium 0.100-x
0.072 0.028
x 0.028
x

x = 0.028
HClO 2 0.100 x 0.100 0.028 0.072 M
ClO H O x 0.028 M
-
2 3

 Ex 15.7 Find the pH of 0.100 M HClO2(aq)
solution @ 25C
Ka for HClO2 = 1.1 x 10-2
substitute [H3O+] into [HClO2] [ClO2-] [H3O+]
the formula for pH initial
and solve
0.100 0 0
change -x +x +x
equilibrium 0.072 0.028 0.028

pH -log H 3O

log 0.028 1.55
 Ex 15.7 Find the pH of 0.100 M HClO2(aq)
solution @ 25C
Ka for HClO2 = 1.1 x 10-2
check by substituting [HClO2] [ClO2-] [H3O+]
the equilibrium
concentrations back into initial 0.100 0 0
the equilibrium constant change -x +x +x
expression and
comparing the calculated equilibrium 0.072 0.028 0.028
Ka to the given Ka

Ka
ClO H O
-
2 3


the answer matches HClO2

0.028
2
1.1 102
0.072
 Ex 15.8 - What is the Ka of a weak acid if a
0.100 M solution has a pH of 4.25?
Use the pH to find the
equilibrium [H3O+] [H 3O ] 10-pH 104.25 5.6 105 M
Write the reaction for HA + H2O A + H3O+
the acid with water
Construct an ICE table [HA] [A-] [H3O+]
for the reaction initial 0.100 0 0
Enter the initial
change
concentrations and
[H3O+]equil equilibrium 5.6E-05
 Ex 15.8 - What is the Ka of a weak acid if a
0.100 M solution has a pH of 4.25?
HA + H2O A + H3O+
fill in the rest of the
table using the [HA] [A-] [H3O+]
[H3O+] as a guide initial 0.100 0 0
if the difference is change 5.6E-05 +5.6E-05 +5.6E-05
insignificant,
[HA]equil = [HA]initial 0.100
equilibrium 0.100 5.6E-05 5.6E-05
5.6E-05
substitute into the Ka
expression and [A - ][ H 3O ] 5.6 105 5.6 105
Ka
compute Ka HA 0.100
K a 3.1 108
 Percent Ionization
another way to measure the strength of an acid is
to determine the percentage of acid molecules that
ionize when dissolved in water this is called the
percent ionization
the higher the percent ionization, the stronger the acid
molarity of ionized acid
Percent Ionization 100%
initial molarity of acid
since [ionized acid]equil = [H3O+]equil

[H3O ]equil
Percent Ionization 100%
[HA]init
 Ex 15.9 - What is the percent ionization of a
2.5 M HNO2 solution?
Write the reaction for HNO2 + H2O NO2 +
the acid with water
H3O+ [HNO ] [NO -] [H O+]
Construct an ICE table 2 2 3
for the reaction initial 2.5 0 0
Enter the Initial change x +x +x
Concentrations
equilibrium 2.5 x x x
Define the Change in
Concentration in
terms of x
Sum the columns to
define the Equilibrium
Concentrations
 Ex 15.9 - What is the percent ionization of a
2.5 M HNO2 solution?
determine the value of Ka for HNO2 = 4.6 x 10-4
Ka from Table 15.5 [HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]
since Ka is very small, initial 2.5 0 0
approximate the
[HNO2]eq = [HNO2]init change -x +x +x
and solve for x equilibrium 2.5-x 2.5 x x
x2
4.6 10 4
Ka
NO H O x x
-
2 3


2.5
HNO 2 2.5
x 4.6 10 2.5
4

x 3.4 10 2
 Ex 15.9 - What is the percent ionization of a
2.5 M HNO2 solution?
HNO2 + H2O NO2 + H3O+
substitute x into the
Equilibrium [HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]
Concentration
definitions and solve initial 2.5 0 0
change -x +x +x
x = 3.4 x 10 -2
equilibrium x
2.52.5 x
0.034 x
0.034

HNO2 2.5 x 2.5 0.034 2.5 M

NO H O x 0.034 M
-
2 3

 Ex 15.9 - What is the percent ionization of a
2.5 M HNO2 solution?
HNO2 + H2O NO2 + H3O+
Apply the Definition
and Compute the [HNO2] [NO2-] [H3O+]
Percent Ionization
initial 2.5 0 0
change -x +x +x
equilibrium 2.5 0.034 0.034
since the percent [H 3O ]equil
ionization is < 5%, Percent Ionization 100%
[HNO 2 ]init
the x is small
approximation is 3.4 10 2
100% 1.4%
valid 2.5
 Relationship Between
[H3O+]equilibrium & [HA]initial
increasing the initial concentration of
acid results in increased H3O+
concentration at equilibrium Percent Ionization
increasing the initial concentration of
acid results in decreased percent [H 3 O ]equil
100%
ionization [HA]init
this means that the increase in H3O+
concentration is slower than the
increase in acid concentration
 Why doesnt the increase in H3O +

keep up with the increase in HA?

the reaction for ionization of a weak acid is:
HA(aq) + H2O(l) A(aq) + H3O+(aq)
according to Le Chteliers Principle, if we reduce the
concentrations of all the (aq) components, the equilibrium
should shift to the right to increase the total number of
dissolved particles
we can reduce the (aq) concentrations by using a more dilute
initial acid concentration
the result will be a larger [H3O+] in the dilute solution
compared to the initial acid concentration
this will result in a larger percent ionization
Finding the pH of Mixtures of Acids
generally, you can ignore the contribution of the weaker acid
to the [H3O+]equil
for a mixture of a strong acid with a weak acid, the complete
ionization of the strong acid provides more than enough
[H3O+] to shift the weak acid equilibrium to the left so far that
the weak acids added [H3O+] is negligible
for mixtures of weak acids, generally only need to consider
the stronger for the same reasons
as long as one is significantly stronger than the other, and their
concentrations are similar
 Ex 15.10 Find the pH of a mixture of 0.150 M
HF(aq) solution and 0.100 M HClO(aq)
Write the reactions for HF + H2O F + H3O+ Ka = 3.5 x 10-4
the acids with water
and determine their Kas HClO + H2O ClO + H3O+ Ka = 2.9 x 10-8
If the Kas are H2O + H2O OH + H3O+ Kw = 1.0 x 10-14
sufficiently different,
use the strongest acid to
construct an ICE table [HF] [F-] [H3O+]
for the reaction initial 0.150 0 0
Enter the initial change
concentrations
assuming the [H3O+] equilibrium
from water is 0
 Ex 15.10 Find the pH of a mixture of 0.150 M
HF(aq) solution and 0.100 M HClO2(aq)

represent the change

in the concentrations [HF] [F-] [H3O+]
in terms of x initial 0.150 0 0
sum the columns to change x +x +x
find the equilibrium equilibrium 0.150 x x x
concentrations in
terms of x
Ka
[F- ][ H 3O ]

x x
substitute into the
equilibrium constant HF 1.50 101 x
expression
 Ex 15.10 Find the pH of a mixture of 0.150 M
HF(aq) solution and 0.100 M HClO2(aq)
Ka for HF = 3.5 x 10-4
determine the value of
Ka for HF [HF] [F-] [H3O+]
since Ka is very small, initial 0.150 0 0
approximate the
[HF]eq = [HF]init and change -x +x +x
solve for x 0.150x
equilibrium 0.150 x x
F H O
-
xxxx

3.5 10 1.50 10
3
Ka
HF 0.150 x x 4 1

x2 x 7.2 10 3
3.5 10 4
1.50 10 1
 Ex 15.10 Find the pH of a mixture of 0.150 M
HF(aq) solution and 0.100 M HClO2(aq)
Ka for HF = 3.5 x 10-4
check if the [HF] [F-] [H3O+]
approximation is
valid by seeing if x initial 0.150 0 0
< 5% of [HF]init change -x +x +x
equilibrium 0.150 x x
x = 7.2 x 10-3
3
7.2 10
1
100% 4.8% 5%
1.50 10
the approximation is valid
 Ex 15.10 Find the pH of a mixture of 0.150 M
HF(aq) solution and 0.100 M HClO2(aq)
Ka for HF = 3.5 x 10-4
substitute x into the [HF] [F-] [H3O+]
equilibrium
concentration initial 0.150 0 0
definitions and solve change -x +x +x
equilibrium 0.150-x
0.143 x
0.0072 x
0.0072
x = 7.2 x 10-3
HF 0.150 x 0.150 7.2 103 0.143 M
F H O x 7.2 10
-
3
3
M
 Ex 15.10 Find the pH of a mixture of 0.150 M
HF(aq) solution and 0.100 M HClO2(aq)
Ka for HF = 3.5 x 10-4
substitute [H3O+] into [HF] [F-] [H3O+]
the formula for pH
and solve initial 0.150 0 0
change -x +x +x
equilibrium 0.143 0.0072 0.0072

pH -log H 3O


log 7.2 10 3
2.14
 Ex 15.10 Find the pH of a mixture of 0.150 M
HF(aq) solution and 0.100 M HClO2(aq)
Ka for HF = 3.5 x 10-4
check by substituting [HF] [F-] [H3O+]
the equilibrium
concentrations back into initial 0.150 0 0
the equilibrium constant change -x +x +x
expression and
comparing the calculated equilibrium 0.143 0.0072 0.0072
Ka to the given Ka

Ka
F H O
-
3

though not exact, HF

the answer is
reasonably close
7.2 10 3 2
3.6 104
0.143
 Polyprotic Acids
since polyprotic acids ionize in steps, each H has a
separate Ka
Ka1 > Ka2 > Ka3
generally, the difference in Ka values is great enough so
that the second ionization does not happen to a large
enough extent to affect the pH
most pH problems just do first ionization
except H2SO4 use [H2SO4] as the [H3O+] for the second
ionization
[A2-] = Ka2 as long as the second ionization is negligible
 Ex 15.18 Find the pH of 0.0100 M H2SO4(aq)
solution @ 25C
Write the reactions H2SO4 + H2O HSO4 + H3O+
for the acid with
water HSO4 + H2O SO42 + H3O+
Construct an ICE
table for the reaction [HSO4 ] [SO42 ] [H3O+]
Enter the initial initial 0.0100 0 0.0100
concentrations change
assuming the
[HSO4] and [H3O+] equilibrium
is [H2SO4]
 Ex 15.18 Find the pH of 0.0100 M H2SO4(aq)
solution @ 25C
represent the change [HSO4 ] [SO42 ] [H3O+]
in the concentrations
in terms of x initial 0.0100 0 0.0100
change x +x +x
sum the columns to
find the equilibrium equilibrium 0.0100 x x 0.0100 +x
concentrations in
terms of x [SO24- ][ H 3O ] x 0.0100 x
Ka
substitute into the [ HSO4 ] -
0.0100 x
equilibrium constant
expression
 Ex 15.18 Find the pH of 0.0100 M H2SO4(aq)
solution @ 25C
Ka for HSO4 = 0.012
expand and solve for [SO24- ][ H 3O ] x 0.0100 x
x using the quadratic Ka
formula [ HSO4 ] -
0.0100 x
0.012
0.0100 x x
0.0100 x
1.2 10 4 1.2 10 2 x 1.00 10 2 x x 2
0 x 2 0.022 x 0.00012
0.022 0.022 2 4(1)(0.00012)
x
2(1)
x 0.027 or 0.0045
 Ex 15.18 Find the pH of 0.0100 M H2SO4(aq)
solution @ 25C
Ka for HSO4 = 0.012
substitute x into the [HSO4 ] [SO42 ] [H3O+]
equilibrium
concentration initial 0.0100 0 0.0100
definitions and solve change x +x +x
equilibrium 0.0100
0.0055x 0.0045
x 0.0100
0.0145x

x = 0.0045
[HSO 4 ] 0.0100 x 0.0100 0.0045 0.0055 M
[H3O ] 0.0100 x 0.0145 M

[SO 24- ] x 0.0045 M

 Ex 15.18 Find the pH of 0.0100 M H2SO4(aq)
solution @ 25C
Ka for HSO4 = 0.012
substitute [H3O+] into [HSO4 ] [SO42 ] [H3O+]
the formula for pH
and solve initial 0.0100 0 0.0100
change x +x +x
equilibrium 0.0055 0.0045 0.0145

pH -log H3O

log 0.0145 1.839
 Ka for HSO4 = 0.012
check by substituting [HSO4 ] [SO42 ] [H3O+]
the equilibrium
concentrations back initial 0.0100 0 0.0100
into the equilibrium change x +x +x
constant expression
and comparing the equilibrium 0.0055 0.0045 0.0145
calculated Ka to the
given Ka
Ka
SO H O
2-
4 3

the answer matches HSO -

4

0.0045 0.0145
1.2 102
0.0055
 Ex 15.19
Ascorbic acid, H2Asc, known as vitamin C, is a diprotic
acid (Ka1 = 1.0x10-5 and Ka2 = 5x10-12) found in citrus
fruit. Calculate the pH of 0.050 M H2Asc @ 25C
 Since Ka1 >> Ka2, we can assume that the first
dissociation produces almost all the H3O+. Also,
since Ka1 is small, the amount of H2ASc that
dissociates can be neglected.

SOLUTION:

[HAsc-][H3O+]
H2Asc(aq) + H2O(l) HAsc-(aq) + H3O+(aq) Ka1 = = 1.0x10-5
[H2Asc]
[Asc2-][H3O+]
HAsc-(aq) + H2O(l) Asc2-(aq) + H3O+(aq) Ka2 = = 5x10-12
[HAsc-]
Concentration (M) H2Asc(aq) + H2O(l) HAsc-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Initial 0.050 - 0 0
Change -x - +x +x
Equilibrium 0.050 - x - x x

[HAsc-][H3O+] x2 x2
Ka1 = = 1.0x10-5 =
[H2Asc] 0.050 - x 0.050

X = 7.1x10-4 M

x = [H3O+] = [Asc-] =

pH = -log[H3O+] = -log(7.1x10-4) = 3.15

 Strong Bases
the stronger the base, the more
willing it is to accept H
use water as the standard acid
NaOH Na+ + OH-
for strong bases, practically all
molecules are dissociated into
OH or accept Hs
strong electrolyte
multi-OH strong bases
completely dissociated
[HO] = [strong base] x (# OH)
Example 15.11b Calculate the pH at 25C of a 0.0015 M
Sr(OH)2 solution and determine if the solution is acidic,
basic, or neutral
Given: [Sr(OH)2] = 1.5 x 10-3 M
Find: pH
Concept Plan: [Sr(OH) ] [OH] [H3O+] pH
2
-
Relationships: [OH]=2[Sr(OH)2] K w [ H 3O ][OH ] pH - log[H 3O ]
Solution:
K w [ H 3O ][OH - ]
[H3O ] 3.3 10 12 M
[OH]
= 2(0.0015) [ H 3O ]
1. 0 10 14

pH - log 3.3 10 12
= 0.0030 M 3.0 103 pH 11.48

Check: pH is unitless. The fact that the pH > 7 means the

solution is basic
Practice - Calculate the pH of a 0.0010 M
Ba(OH)2 solution and determine if it is
acidic, basic, or neutral
Practice - Calculate the pH of a 0.0010 M
Ba(OH)2 solution and determine if it is
acidic, basic, or neutral
Ba(OH)2 = Ba2+ + 2 OH- therefore
[OH-] = 2 x 0.0010 = 0.0020 = 2.0 x 10-3 M
Kw = [H3O+][OH]
1.00 x 10 -14
[H3O+] = = 5.0 x 10-12
M
2.0 x 10 -3

pH = -log [H3O+] = -log (5.0 x 10-12)

pH = 11.30
pH > 7 therefore basic
 Weak Bases
in weak bases, only a small fraction
of molecules accept Hs
weak electrolyte NH3 + H2O NH4+ +
most of the weak base molecules do OH-
not take H from water
much less than 1% ionization in water
[HO] << [weak base]
finding the pH of a weak base
solution is similar to finding the pH
of a weak acid
 Ex 15.12 Find the pH of 0.100 M NH3(aq) solution

Write the reaction for

the base with water NH3 + H2O NH4+ +
Construct an ICE
OH
table for the reaction [NH3] [NH4+] [OH]
initial 0.100 0 0
Enter the initial
concentrations change
assuming the [OH] equilibrium
from water is 0

since no products initially, Qc = 0, and the reaction is proceeding forward

Ex 15.12 Find the pH of 0.100 M NH3(aq) solution

represent the change

in the concentrations [NH3] [NH4+] [OH]
in terms of x initial 0.100 0 0
sum the columns to change x +x +x
find the equilibrium equilibrium 0.100 x x x
concentrations in
terms of x
Kb
[NH 4 ][OH ]

x x
substitute into the
equilibrium constant NH 3 1.00 101 x
expression
Ex 15.12 Find the pH of 0.100 M NH3(aq) solution

determine the value of Kb for NH3 = 1.76 x 10-5

Kb from Table 15.8 [NH3] [NH4+] [OH]
since Kb is very small, initial 0.100 0 0
approximate the
[NH3]eq = [NH3]init and change -x +x +x
solve for x equilibrium 0.100
0.100 x x x

K bb
NH OH

44


xxx x
x 1.76 10 1.00 10
5 1
NH 33 1.00 10 x
11

2 x 1.33 103
5 x
1.76 10
1.00 10 1
Ex 15.12 Find the pH of 0.100 M NH3(aq) solution

Kb for NH3 = 1.76 x 10-5

check if the [NH3] [NH4+] [OH]
approximation is
valid by seeing if x initial 0.100 0 0
< 5% of [NH3]init change -x +x +x
equilibrium 0.100 x x
x = 1.33 x 10-3
3
1.33 10
1
100% 1.33% 5%
1.00 10
the approximation is valid
Ex 15.12 Find the pH of 0.100 M NH3(aq) solution

Kb for NH3 = 1.76 x 10-5

substitute x into the [NH3] [NH4+] [OH]
equilibrium
concentration initial 0.100 0 0
definitions and solve change -x +x +x
equilibrium 0.100 x
0.099x 1.33E-3 x
1.33E-3
x = 1.33 x 10-3
NH3 0.100 x 0.100 1.33 10 3
0.099 M
- 3
[ NH 4 ] [OH ] x 1.33 10 M
Ex 15.12 Find the pH of 0.100 M NH3(aq) solution
Kb for NH3 = 1.76 x 10-5
use the [OH-] to find [NH3] [NH4+] [OH]
the [H3O+] using Kw
initial 0.100 0 0
substitute [H3O ] into
+

the formula for pH change -x +x +x

and solve equilibrium 0.099 1.33E-3 1.33E-3

pH -log H O
K w [H 3O ][OH - ]
3

log7.52 10 11 .124
1.00 10-14
[H 3O ] 12
1.33 10-3
[H 3O ] 7.52 10-12
 Ex 15.12 Find the pH of 0.100 M NH3(aq) solution
Kb for NH3 = 1.76 x 10-5
check by substituting
the equilibrium [NH3] [NH4+] [OH]
concentrations back into
the equilibrium constant initial 0.100 0 0
expression and change -x +x +x
comparing the calculated
Kb to the given Kb equilibrium 0.099 1.33E-3 1.33E-3

Kb
NH OH

4

though not exact, NH 3

the answer is
reasonably close
1.33 10 3 2
1.8 105
0.099
 Acid-Base Properties of Salts
salts are water soluble ionic compounds
salts that contain the cation of a strong base and an
anion that is the conjugate base of a weak acid are basic
NaHCO3 solutions are basic
Na+ is the cation of the strong base NaOH
HCO3 is the conjugate base of the weak acid H 2CO3
salts that contain cations that are the conjugate acid of a
weak base and an anion of a strong acid are acidic
NH4Cl solutions are acidic
NH4+ is the conjugate acid of the weak base NH 3
Cl is the anion of the strong acid HCl
 Anions as Weak Bases
every anion can be thought of as the conjugate base of an
acid
therefore, every anion can potentially be a base
A(aq) + H2O(l) HA(aq) + OH(aq)
the stronger the acid is, the weaker the conjugate base is
an anion that is the conjugate base of a strong acid is pH neutral
Cl(aq) + H2O(l) HCl(aq) + OH(aq)
since HCl is a strong acid, this equilibrium lies practically completely to
the left
an anion that is the conjugate base of a weak acid is basic
F(aq) + H2O(l) HF(aq) + OH(aq)
since HF is a weak acid, the position of this equilibrium favors the right
Ex 15.13 - Use the Table to Determine if
the Given Anion Is Basic or Neutral
a) NO3
the conjugate base of a
strong acid
NO2
the conjugate base of a
weak acid
 Relationship between Ka of an Acid and
Kb of Its Conjugate Base
many reference books only give tables of Ka values
because Kb values can be found from them
[A ][H 3O ]
when you add
HA( aq) H 2O(l ) A (aq) H 3O (aq) Ka
[HA]
equations, [ HA][H 3O ]

you multiply A (aq) H 2O(l ) HA(aq) OH (aq) Kb
[A ]
the Ks
2 H 2O(l ) H3O (aq) OH (aq)

[A ][ H 3O ] [ HA ][OH ]
Ka K b
[ HA ] [A ]
K a K b [ H 3O ][OH ] K w
 Ex 15.14 Find the pH of 0.100 M
Na is the cation of a
+

strong base pH NaCHO2(aq) solution

-4
neutral. The CHO2 Ka HCHO2 = 1.8 x 10
is the anion of a CHO2 + H2O HCHO2 +
weak acid pH basic
OH [CHO2] [HCHO2] [OH]
Write the reaction for
the anion with water initial 0.100 0 0

Construct an ICE change

table for the reaction equilibrium
Enter the initial
concentrations
assuming the [OH]
from water is 0
 Ex 15.14 Find the pH of 0.100 M NaCHO2(aq) solution
represent the change
in the concentrations
[CHO2] [HCHO2] [OH]
in terms of x
sum the columns to initial 0.100 0 0
find the equilibrium x +x +x
change
concentrations in 0.100 x x x
terms of x equilibrium
Calculate the value Ka K b K w
of Kb from the value
1.0 1014 11
of Ka of the weak Kb 5 .6 10
1.8 104
acid from Table 15.5
substitute into the
Kb
[HCHO2 ][OH ]

x x
equilibrium constant
CHO2

1.00 101 x
expression
 Ex 15.14 Find the pH of 0.100 M NaCHO2(aq) solution
Kb for CHO2 = 5.6 x 10-11
since Kb is very small, [CHO2] [HCHO2] [OH]
approximate the
[CHO2]eq = [CHO2]init
initial 0.100 0 0
and solve for x change -x +x +x
equilibrium 0.100
0.100x x x

Kbb
[HCHO
[HCHO22][
][OHOH]]

x xx x x 2
K
CHO
CHO22

11..00
0010 1011 x 5.6 1011 1
1.00 10

x 5.6 10 1.00 10
11 1

x 2.4 10 6
Ex 15.14 Find the pH of 0.100 M NaCHO2(aq) solution
Kb for CHO2 = 5.6 x 10-11
[CHO2] [HCHO2] [OH]
check if the initial 0.100 0 0
approximation is
valid by seeing if x change -x +x +x
< 5% of [CHO2]init equilibrium 0.100 x x

x = 2.4 x 10-6
6
2.4 10
1
100% 0. 0024% 5 %
1.00 10
the approximation is valid
 Ex 15.14 Find the pH of 0.100 M NaCHO2(aq) solution
Kb for CHO2 = 5.6 x 10-11
[CHO2] [HCHO2] [OH]
substitute x into the initial 0.100 0 0
equilibrium
concentration change -x +x +x
definitions and solve equilibrium 0.100
0.100x x
2.4E-6 x
2.4E-6

x = 2.4 x 10-6
CHO 0.100 x 0.100 2.4 10 0.100 M
2
6

- 6
[HCHO2 ] [OH ] x 2.4 10 M
 Ex 15.14 Find the pH of 0.100 M NaCHO2(aq) solution
Kb for CHO2 = 5.6 x 10-11
use the [OH-] to find [CHO2] [HCHO2] [OH]
the [H3O+] using Kw
initial 0.100 0 0
substitute [H3O+] into
the formula for pH
change -x +x +x
and solve equilibrium 0.100 2.4E-6 2.4E-6

K w [H 3O ][OH - ]
pH -log H3O

8.38
1.00 10 -14
[H 3O ] 9
2.4 10-6 log 4.2 10
[H 3O ] 4.2 10-9
 Ex 15.14 Find the pH of 0.100 M NaCHO2(aq) solution
Kb for CHO2 = 5.6 x 10-11
check by substituting
the equilibrium [CHO2] [HCHO2] [OH]
concentrations back into initial 0.100 0 0
the equilibrium constant
expression and change -x +x +x
comparing the calculated
equilibrium 0.100 2.4E-6 2.4E-6
Kb to the given Kb

HCHO2 OH

though not exact,
Kb
CHO 2

the answer is
reasonably close
2.4 10
6 2
5.8 1011
0.100
 Classifying Salt Solutions as
Acidic, Basic, or Neutral
if the salt cation is the counterion of a strong
base and the anion is the conjugate base of a
strong acid, it will form a neutral solution
NaCl Ca(NO3)2 KBr
if the salt cation is the counterion of a strong
base and the anion is the conjugate base of a
weak acid, it will form a basic solution
NaF Ca(C2H3O2)2 KNO2
 Classifying Salt Solutions as
Acidic, Basic, or Neutral
if the salt cation is the conjugate acid of a weak
base and the anion is the conjugate base of a
strong acid, it will form an acidic solution
NH4Cl
if the salt cation is a highly charged metal ion
and the anion is the conjugate base of a strong
acid, it will form an acidic solution
Al(NO3)3
 Classifying Salt Solutions as
Acidic, Basic, or Neutral
if the salt cation is the conjugate acid of a weak
base and the anion is the conjugate base of a
weak acid, the pH of the solution depends on
the relative strengths of the acid and base
NH4F since HF is a stronger acid than NH4+, Ka of
NH4+ is larger than Kb of the F; therefore the
solution will be acidic
 Strengths of Binary Acids
the more + H-X - polarized the
bond, the more acidic the bond
the stronger the H-X bond, the
weaker the acid
binary acid strength increases to the
right across a period
H-C < H-N < H-O < H-F
binary acid strength increases down
the column
H-F < H-Cl < H-Br < H-I
 Strengths of Oxyacids, H-O-Y
the more electronegative the Y atom, the
stronger the acid
helps weakens the H-O bond
the more oxygens attached to Y, the stronger the
acid
further weakens and polarizes the H-O bond
 What Is Acid Rain?
natural rain water has a pH of 5.6
naturally slightly acidic due mainly to CO2
rain water with a pH lower than 5.6 is called
acid rain
acid rain is linked to damage in ecosystems and
structures
 What Causes Acid Rain?
many natural and pollutant gases dissolved in the air are
nonmetal oxides
CO2, SO2, NO2
nonmetal oxides are acidic
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
2 SO2 + O2 + 2 H2O 2 H2SO4
processes that produce nonmetal oxide gases as waste increase
the acidity of the rain
natural volcanoes and some bacterial action
man-made combustion of fuel
weather patterns may cause rain to be acidic in regions other
than where the nonmetal oxide is produced