RESTRICTED

(TERHAD)

MALAYSIAN SEA SURVEILANCE

SYSTEM

RADAR SUBSYSTEM

BY SADON SAIMAN

Prepared By : AMP Corporation (M) Sdn.Bhd

Lot 31, Jalan U1/35, HICOM-Glenmarie Industrial
Park, 40150 Shah Alam, Selangor

Tel : 603-5569 2020 Fax: 603-5569 2025

RESTRICTED . SG-RADAR 1

(TERHAD)
What is a Radar Sensor?

Principle
Video Signal
Bands
Echo Quality

Basic Radar Technique

 RAdio Detection And Ranging 1/6

What is a Radar Sensor?

Video

Noise Noise & clutter Noise & clutter R = ct

RAdio Detection And Ranging 1/4

2/6

What is a Radar Sensor?

 Antenna
Motor

Wave Guide Encoder, ARP & ACPs Motor Controller

Circulator

Receiver Magnetron Modulator

Power
Control
STC Supplies
Limiter HV, PW
LNFE
IF Amplifier
Video Ampl.

Video
Processing

Interface

Interface to external equipment

1/4
3/6

What is a Radar Sensor? Principle

Designation Band Limits Wavelength Typical

HF 3 - 30 MHz 10 100 m
VHF 30 - 300 MHz 1 10 m
UHF 300 - 1000 MHz 0.3 1 m
L 1-2 GHz 15 30 cm 25 cm
S 2-4 GHz 7.5 15 cm 10 cm
C 4-8 GHz 3.75 7.5 cm 6 cm
X 8 - 12 GHz 2.5 - 3.75 cm 3 cm
Ku 12 - 18 GHz 1.7 - 2.5 cm 2 cm
K 18 - 27 GHz 1.1 - 1.7 cm 1.5 cm
Ka 27- 40 GHz 0.75 - 1.1 cm 0.8 cm
V 40 - 75 GHz 4 - 7.5 mm
W 75 - 110 GHz 2.7 - 4 mm
mm 110 - 300 GHz 1 - 2.7 mm

5/6

Frequency Ranges
Quality of returned Width
echo depends on: Height Aspect angle
Shape
Aspect angle
RCS Coating
Surface
Material
Frequency
Polarization
Power
System PRF
PW
Antenna
Noise
Sea conditions
Environment Interference
Weather conditions
Clutter
Position
Range 6/6

Signal Quality
PRF & PW
Pulse Repetition Frequency
Range
Second Time Around Echoes
Staggered PRF
Pulse Width
Range Resolution

Basic Radar Technique

 The PRF

- determines how often the radar transmits

- determines the maximum range of the system

1/4
1/7

Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)

 Range: 5 NM

300.000 km/s

300.000 km/s

Pulse 1 Target at 5 NM
t=0 t = 31 s Next pulse

Transmit
Time needed for the pulse to hit the target: T = 31 s
Pulse 1
t = 62 s

Receive
Time needed for the pulse to return to the antenna: T = 31 s

Time needed between two pulses: T > 62 s or PRF < 16.1 kHz (corresponding 2 x range, here 10 NM)

c PRF [Hz] Max. range [NM] [km]

Max. range =
2 x PRF
1000 81 150
1500 54 100
150.000 2200 36.8 68.2
81.000
km 4000 20.2 37.5
PRF NM PRF 8000 10.1 18.7
2/7

Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)

 Range 40 km 30 km 60 km
PRF = 3750 Hz
0 Range
Sweep n

200.0 s

266.7 s / 0
Sweep n+1

133.3 s

200.0 s 60

50
266.7 s / 0
40

30

20

Time 10

3/7

Second Time Around Echoes

 Staggered PRF is used to avoid jamming or
interference from other radars transmitting and second
time around.

The change of repetition frequency does that the radar

on a pulse to pulse basis can differentiate between
returns from itself and returns from other radar systems
with same frequency.

4/7

Staggered PRF
 True
echo

My radar

2nd radar

False
echo

5/7

Staggered PRF
 Propagation of light (c) : 300.000 km/s

c x PW
Range resolution =
2
Range
Range resolution = PW x 0.15 [m]
(PW inserted in ns)

x PWmax
PWmax

Pulse type VSP SP MP LP VLP

Pulse Width 40 ns 50 ns 250 ns 600 ns 1000 ns
Range Resolution 6m 7.5 m 37.5 m 90 m 150 m
7/7

Pulse Width (PW)

Radar Cross Section
Reflections
Definition
Typical Target Characteristics
Reference Measurements
Target Size and Wavelength
Rayleigh Distribution

Basic Radar Technique

Sphere as target

1/13
1/4

Radar Cross Section

Cylinder as target

2/13
1/4

Radar Cross Section

Cylinder as target

3/13
1/4

Radar Cross Section

Cylinder as target

4/13
1/4

Radar Cross Section

 Decreasing Power Density [W/m2]

6/13
1/4

Radar Cross Section - Power Density

 Returned power decreases
Power density decreases

Returned power
measured at
the target

....distance does not affect the RCS

7/13
1/4

Radar Cross Section

Typical Target Characteristics (guides)

Navigational aids without radar reflector Up to 1 m2

Navigational aids with radar reflector 10 - 100 m2

Small boats (fiber glass, wood, rubber) 0.5 - 5 m2

Sailing boats with radar reflector 3 - 10 m2

Small metal ships 10 - 100 m2

Small coasters 100 - 1.000 m2

Large coasters, cargo ships 1.000 - 10.000 m2

Container carriers 10.000 - 1.000.000 m2

Floating items (oil drums, birds) Up to 1 m2

Flock of birds Up to 3 m2

8/13

Radar Cross Section

Typical Target Characteristics

2 m2 reference reflector RCS: 0.5 - 1.5 m2

RCS: 5-8 m2

S-band: RCS: 1 - 2 m2

RCS ~ 40 % of RCS at X-band

9/13

Radar Cross Section

 Fresh wind from SW 1 meter waves with dense whitecaps
10/13

Radar Cross Section

Propagation of Signals
Horizons and Range
Antenna Height
Noise & Clutter
Anomalous Propagation, Ducts
Reflections, Ghost Echoes
Simulation Software

Basic Radar Technique

 10.56 NM / 12.20 NM
(19.56 km / 22.59 km)

rEarth = 6378155 m
h = 30 m

Geometric Horizon Radar Horizon

Horizongeometric = (2 x h x rEarth)0.5 [m] Horizonradar = (2 x h x 4/3 x rEarth)0.5 [m]

Horizongeometric = (2 x 30 x 6378155)0.5 Horizonradar = (2 x 30 x 4/3 x 6378155)0.5

Horizongeometric = 19.56 km / 10.56 NM Horizonradar = 22.59 km / 12.20 NM

...or ...or

Horizongeometric = 3.57 x h0.5 [km] Horizonradar = 4.12 x h0.5 [km]

Horizongeometric = 1.93 x h0.5 [NM] Horizonradar = 2.22 x h0.5 [NM]
1/28
1/4

Geometric Horizon / Radar Horizon

 h=0m

hT = 20 m
hA = 50 m
RangeA = 29.13 km / 15.73 NM + RangeT = 18.43 km / 9.95 NM

Total Range = 47.6 km / 25.7 NM

RangeRADAR = RangeA + RangeT or RangeRADAR = 4.12 (hT0.5 + hA0.5) [km]

RangeRADAR = 2.2 (hT0.5 + hA0.5) [NM]

RangeRADAR = 29.13 + 18.43 RangeRADAR = 4.12 (200.5 + 500.5)

RangeRADAR = 47.6 km (25.7 NM) RangeRADAR = 47.6 km (25.7 NM)

2/28

Radar Range
 Visible

Visible
Invisible Invisible
(due to min. range) (due to max. range)

3/28

Antenna Height
 Solar or galactic noise

Atmospheric noise Antenna

Waveguide and
Man made noise Duplexer noise

Transmitter Receiver

Land or sea clutter Receiver

noise

4/28

Noise & Clutter

Propagation in free space
Propagation in normal atmosphere
Subrefraction tio
n
a c
r
Superrefraction b ref
Su e ction
Severe superrefraction (ducting) n d ir e
i o
at spac
pag
e
Pro in fre

Standard refraction
in normal atmosphere

Sup
erre
frac
tion
Su
pe
rr
Du efrac
cti
ng tion 6/28

Subrefraction and Superrefraction

Speed of light

In free space: 299792.458 km/s

In the atmosphere: 299700 km/s e ction
Convenient round up: 300000 km/s n d ir e
i o c
pa gat e spa
Pro in fre

7/28

No Refraction in Free Space

Changes in ....cause ....cause ....cause
temperature, change in the variations in changes in the
moisture and atmospheric the speed of propagation
pressure density EM waves direction (bending)

More moisture means more refraction

Higher temperature means less refraction
Pressure variations alone provide no significant change in refraction

Refraction is always such that

the waves turn toward the
medium in which they
travel more slowly

8/28

Change of Speed & Direction

 9/28

Bending of Electromagnetic Waves

 Cooled air

Warmed-
up air
Electromagnetic waves
bend around cold air

10/28

Bending of Electromagnetic Waves

 Be
am

a
Temperature, moisture and to a lesser extent
Medium a
pressure, decrease the speed of light and with Medium b
that the refraction towards the slow speed
b
medium is increased Decreased
speed of light

ac uum
In v

Temperature
Moisture
Pressure Standard refraction
in normal atmosphere

11/28

Refraction in Normal Atmosphere

 A radio wave has a natural tendency to bend around an obstacle.

This phenomenon is called Diffraction.

Antenna Receiving
possible

Shadow zone

19/28

Diffraction