Evaporation of water

1. Evaporation is a process by which liquid changes

into vapour.
penyejatan ialah suatu proses di mana cecair
bertukar menjadi wap

2. This change in state occurs at :

- the surface of liquid
permukaan cecair
- the temperature below boiling point of the liquid.
suhu di bawah takat didih cecair itu
Surface area of water (luas permukaan air)
- The rate of evaporation increases when the surface
area of water increases.
kadar penyejatan bertambah apabila luas permukaan
air bertambah
Humidity of the air (kelembapan udara)
- Water evaporates faster when the humidity is lower.
Air menyejat dengan lebih cepat apabila kelembapan
udara lebih rendah
Movement of air (pergerakan udara)
- The rate of evaporation increase when there is
movement of air.
Kadar penyejatan bertambah apabila terdapatnya
pergerakan udara.
Temperature of the surrounding
(suhu persekitaran)
- The rate of evaporation increases when the
temperature increase.
kadar penyejatan bertambah apabila suhu persekitaran
bertambah
Evaporation Boiling

Similarities
Process by which a liquid changes into vapour.
Proses dimana cecair bertukar menjadi wap

Heat energy is absorbed.

Tenaga haba diserap
 Evaporation Boiling

Takes place at any Takes place only at

temperature below Temperature
boiling point
its boiling points

Slow process Rate Fast process

Occurs at the Occurs throughout

surface of the Where
the liquid
liquid
Application of evaporation in daily life
To obtain salt from sea water
To dry products from agriculture such as cocoa,
pepper, tea leaves and paddy
To dry clothes
To process milk powder
Solution and solubility
larutan dan keterlarutan
1. A solution is produced by dissolving a solute in a
solvent.
suatu larutan terhasil dengan melarutkan suatu zat
terlarut dalam pelarut.

solution : larutan (air gula)

solute : zat terlarut (gula)
solvent : pelarut (air)
Solvent Solute Solution
Liquid that A substances A mixture of
dissolves a that is the solute and
substances dissolved the solvent
Sugar
water sugar solution
3 types of solution
A dilute solution
larutan cair

a solution that is contains very little solute

larutan yang mengandungi sangat sedikit zat terlarut
 A concentrated solution
larutan pekat

A concentrated solution is a solution that contains a

lot of solute
larutan pekat adalah larutan yang mengandungi
sangat banyak zat terlarut
 A saturated solution
larutan tepu

A saturated solution is a solution that contains the

maximum amount of solute and cannot dissolve any
more solute at the given temperature
larutan tepu adalah larutan yang mengandungi amaun
zat terlarut yang maksimum dan tidak dapat
melarutkan zat terlarut lagi, pada suatu suhu yang
diberikan
Homogenous solution
A solution is homogenous. There is uniform
distribution of solvent and solute through out the
solution
suatu larutan adalah homogen. Terdapat suatu
taburan yang sekata pelarut dan zat terlarut pada
keseluruhan larutan
Suspension
A suspension is a cloudy mixture containing insoluble
sediments (tiny particles of solid matter floating in it
which will eventually settle to the bottom).
ampaian ialah campuran yang keruh yang
mengandungi enapan tak terlarutkan (zarah-zarah
halus jirim pepejal terampai akan termendak pada
dasar).
The differences between a solution and suspension
perbezaan antara larutan dan ampaian
Solution (larutan) Suspension (ampaian)
Clear mixture Cloudy mixture
Campuran yang jernih Campuran yang keruh
Contains very tiny solute particles Contains large solute particles that
that cannot be filtered out can be filtered out
Mengandungi zarah2 zat terlarut Mengandungi zarah2 zat terlarut
yang tidak dapat dituras keluar yang boleh dituras keluar
No sedimentation Sedimentation occurs
Tiada pemendakan Pemendakan berlaku
Allows light to pass through Does not allow much light to pass
Membenarkan cahaya melaluinya through
Tidak membenarkan cahaya
melauinya
The solubility of a substance is
keterlarutan suatu bahan adalah
a) The maximum mass of the substance (solute) that
can dissolve in 100cm3 of the solvent at a specific
temperature
jisim maksimum suatu bahan (zat terlarut) yang
boleh larut dalam 100cm3 pelarut pada suatu suhu
tertentu.
b) Varies with temperature
bergantung pada suhu
Example:
The solubility of calcium chloride is 80 gram per
100cm3 of water at 20C.
keterlarutan kalsium klorida ialah 80g per
100cm3 air pada suhu 20C

This statement means that 80g of calcium

chloride will dissolve in 100cm3 of water at 20C to
form a saturated solution.
Potassium chloride

Potassium chlorate

Potassium perchlorate
 The solubility of Potassium Chloride is 50g per
100cm of water at 70 C

This means:

50g of Potassium Chloride will dissolve in 100cm

at temperature 70C to form saturated solution.
Substance that has lowest solubility at 30C ?
Answer: Potassium perchlorate

Substance that has highest solubility at 30C ?

Answer: Potassium Chloride

Subtances that have the same solubility at specific

Temperature?
Answer: Potassium Chloride and Potassium Chlorate
have same solubility at 100C.
Factors that affecting solubility
temperature of the solvent
stirring
size of solute
volume of solvent
nature of solute
nature of solvent
The rate of dissolving increase with:
kadar perlarutan bertambah dengan:

Increasing temperature of solvent

Increasing surface area of solute
stirring
Water is a universal solvent in life because it can dissolve
many kinds of solutes
water dissolves the nutrients in food
water dissolves the minerals in the soil (needed for
growth of plants)
water as a solvent for digested food in the blood
water contains dissolved air needed for aquatic
organism
water as a solvent for medecine.
Organic solvents in everyday life
Turpentine to dilute paint
Petrol to removes oil and grease
Chloroform to adhere plastic
Acetone to removes nail varnish
Amyl Acetate to prepare nail varnish
Alcohol to prepare iodine solution (disinfectant)
ACIDS AND ALKALIS
A) Two classes of acids
There are two main classes of acids
- inorganic or mineral acids
- organic acid
Inorganic acid
Inorganic acids are prepared from mineral salts
Common inorganic acids used in laboratory are
- hydrochloric acid
- sulphuric acid
- nitric acid

Organic acid
Organic acid contain carbon and are mainly found in
plants and animal
Examples of common organic acids are given in table
below:
ORGANIC ACID SOURCES
Citric acid Citrus fruit such as oranges,
lemons and guava
Ethanoic acid Vinegar
(acetic acid)
Formic acid Ants and bees
Lactic acid Sour milk
Malic acid Apples
Tannic acid Tea leaves
Tartaric acid grapes
Properties of acid and alkali
ACID
Dilute acids taste sour
strong acids are corrosive
change colour of wet blue
litmus paper to red
pH values is less than 7
ALKALI
dilute alkalis taste bitter
feel soapy to touch
strong alkalis are corrosive
change colour of red
litmus paper to blue
pH values is more than 7
 ACID ALKALI
gives out carbon dioxide gives out ammonia gas
when they react with when heated with
carbonate ammonium salts

Acid + Carbonate salt + CO Alkali + ammonium salt

salt + ammonia (g)
react with alkali to form react with acid to form
salt and water salt and water
Acid + Alkali salt + water Acid + Alkali salt + water
produce hydrogen gas
when react with certain
metals such as magnesium,
zinc and iron. __

Acid + metal salt + hydrogen (g)

Acids and alkalis need water to react
1. a) dry solid citric acid has no effect on dry litmus
paper
b) dilute citric acid turns blue litmus paper to red
c) this is because acids do not show their acidic
properties without water
d) solid acid commonly used are tartaric acid and
citric acid
2. a) dry solid calcium hydroxide has no effect on dry
litmus paper.
b) Calcium hydroxide solution turns red litmus
paper to blue
c) solid alkali does not show their alkaline
properties without presence of water.
d) Calcium hydroxide is commonly used in
agriculture to reduce the acidity of soil
DEFINITION OF ACID
An acid is a chemical containing hydrogen which can
be replaced by a suitable metal such as magnesium and
zinc.

Dilute sulphuric acid + magnesium hydrogen + magnesium sulphate

HSO Mg H Mg(SO)

Dilute hydrochloric acid + zinc hydrogen + zinc chloride

2HCl Zn H ZnCl
DEFINITION OF ALKALI
An alkali is the oxide or hydroxide of a metal which
dissolve in water.
- alkalis are formed when the oxides or hydroxide
of metals dissolve in water.
Common alkali used in the laboratory are:
- potassium hydroxide
- sodium hydroxide
- calcium hydroxide
Ammonia solution is an alkali, but it does not contain
a metal ( exception to the general rule )