Chemical Bonding

Chapter 4
Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic

Covalent

Metallic
 IONIC SOLIDS
POSITIVE metal ion and a
NEGATIVE nonmetal ion
(cation and anion)
transfer of electron(s) from
the metal (with low
electronegativity) to the non-
metal (with high
electronegativity)
Exist in a repeating 3-D unit
called a CRYTAL LATTICE
 Technology WOW
KCl crystal as seen
using a scanning
tunnel microscope

Technique to produce
such images is called
scanning force
microscopy
 Properties of Ionic Substances

Solid at SATP; crystalline

Hard but brittle
Many are soluble in water
High melting points
Conductors when molten or aqueous
 Brittleness of Ionic Compounds
Notice what happens when ions of like
charges are aligned due to stress:
 Lattice Energy of Ionics
The energy given off when ions combine (or
the energy required for them to separate)
The higher the lattice energy, the higher the
melting point and the less soluble
High lattice energy if the attraction of the
ions is large (high charges)
High lattice energy if one of the ions is
small (charge is more concentrated).
 Ionic lattices
Property MgCl2 MgF2 Ca3P2
Charges +2/-1 +2/-1 +2/-3
Size of ions Medium Smaller Medium
Lattice 2326 2957 Really
energy kJ/mol kJ/mol high?????
Melting 714oC 1255oC 1600oC
point
Solubility Soluble Insoluble Insoluble
 Covalent Bonding
Non-metal atoms only
(Electronegativity
difference less than
1.7)
Share electrons in
overlapping orbitals
Shared valence
electrons attracted to
both nuclei
simultaneously
 Bond Energy of Covalent Bonds
The energy required to break
the force of attraction between
two atoms
Single < Double< Triple
C C bond 347 kJ/mol
C=C bond 607 kJ/mol
C C bond 839 kJ/mol
Non-polar Covalent vs Polar Covalent
(Covalent Bonds) Bonds
Atoms sharing Atoms sharing
electrons have the electrons have En
same En (or at least a differences of 0.5 or
difference of less than greater
0.5)
Electrons considered Electrons unequally
equally shared shared; closer to one
atoms nucleus
 Electron Density maps

H2 HF
Polar bond
Non-polar

NaCl
Cl2 molecule
Properties of Covalent Molecules
Lower melting points
than ionic
Some are Soluble in
water (polar covalent
molecules)
Non-electrolytes
 Metallic Bonding
A densely packed
lattice of positive ions
A sea of delocalized
valence electrons
FREE ELECTRON
MODEL
Cations are
simultaneously
attracted to the pool of
all valence electrons
around them
 Metallic Bonding Animation
Link:

http://www.yteach.co.uk/index.php/resources/
bond_charge_electrical_ion_ionic_electrova
lent_covalent_multiple_coordinate_metalic
_t_page_27.html
Common Crystal Arrangements for
Metals
 Properties of Metals
Conductors in the solid and
liquid state
Malleable and ductile
Varied melting points
(medium to high)
Melting points increase
with increasing # of valence
electrons due to a higher
charge and smaller size of
the cation
Insoluble in water
Shiny
 Why metals are shiny
Metals are shiny because of the very strong absorption of light by the
delocalised bonding electrons. This seems paradoxical.
When light falls on a metal it is almost totally absorbed since the bonding
electrons can jump up to a broad band of energy levels allowing energy
changes corresponding to the full range of frequencies in the visible region of
the spectrum. If the metal has a rough surface and is finely divided the result is
that the metal looks very dark or black.
The light which falls on a metal is so strongly absorbed that it can only
penetrate a few hundred atoms into the surface (less than a single wavelength).
The absorbed electromagnetic wave induces electrical currents in the metal
surface. These currents immediately re-emit the light out of the metal thus
providing a strong reflection if the metal surface is smooth.
So the metallic shine of polished metals is the result of strong reflection.

Reference: http://www.chemistry-react.org/go/Faq/Faq_3723.html