School of Architecture, Building & Design: Centre For Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA)

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING &
DESIGN
Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast
Asia (MASSA)
Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ARC3413]
PROJECT 2: Integration with Design Studio 5
Name : Gertrude Lee

Student I.D : 0306265
Tutor : Mr Sanjeh
Table of Content
1.0 Lighting Analysis 3 - 14

1.1 Daylighting
1.1.1 Stalls Area
1.1.2 Sitting Area
1.1.3 Practical Classroom
1.2 Artificial Lighting
1.2.1 Stalls Area
1.2.2 Sitting Area
2.0 Acoustic Analysis 15 - 30
2.1 Sound Pressure Level
2.1.1 External Noise
2.2 Reverberation Time (RT)
2.2.1 Coffee Counter
2.2.2 Theory Classroom
2.3 Sound Reduction Index (SRI)
3.0 References
31
PROJECT 2: Integration with Design Studio 5 2

1.0 Lighting Analysis
1.1 Daylighting

Natural lighting is an important factor in order to make a building more
sustainable. Daylighting Factor (DF) is used to determine whether there is sufficient
amount of natural lighting for the users of the space to carry out their activity. It is
used to measure the internal natural lighting levels as perceived on the working plane
or surface.
The following is the formula used to determine the daylight factor:
Daylight Factor x 100%
Where, Ei = illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoor working plane
Eo = simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an

unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky
* in Malaysia, Eo = 32 000 lux
According to MS 1525 (2007), Daylight Factor distributions are as follow:
Zone DF (%) Distribution
Very Bright >6 Very large with thermal and

glare problem
Bright 36 Good
Average 13 Fair
Dark 01 Poor
Daylight factors and distribution (Department of standards Malaysia, 2007)

1.1.1 Baking Area
Ground Floor
Plan
According to MS 1525, the Baking area has the daylight factor of 6.2%. It falls into
the very bright zone range which is >6%. This space is designed in this way in
order to let customers to look in and see the baking process. This space is also
covered by the overhangs of the first floor above.

1.1.2 Sitting Area
Mezzanine Floor Plan

According to MS 1525, the Sitting area has the daylight factor of 6.3%. It falls into
the very bright zone range which is >6% and it is in the large with thermal and
glare problem. The design of this space is suppose to be an open space. It has a
green faade which allows light to enter the space and also allows people to enjoy
the space.

Second Floor
Plan
According to MS 1525, the Practical classroom has the daylight factor of 6.3%. It
falls into the very bright zone range which is >6% and it is in the large with
thermal and glare problem. It is in this range but the louvers are arranged in the
manner where there is sufficient, not more of less amount of light entering the
space.


1.2 Artificial Lighting
Lumen method is used to determine the number of light fittings (luminaires) are
to be fixed in a space.
The formula below is used to determine the number of luminaires to be fixed in a

space:
Where, N = number of lamps required
E = illuminance level required (lux)
A = area at working plane height (m2 )
F = average luminous flux from each lamp (lm)
UF = utilisation factor, an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire

and the room surfaces
MF = maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of

deterioration and dirt
Room Index, RI, is a number that is used to determine the ratio of the room length,
width and height.
Where, L = length of room (m)
W = width of room (m)
hm = mounting height (m), vertical distance between the working plane and
the luminaire

Utilization Factor Table

1.2.1 Baking Area
Ground Floor
Plan
OSRAM Halopar 30 ALU Ecotone High Lumen

Twister
Lamp Type Fluorescent Lamp Lamp Type Fluorescent Lamp

Light Cool White Light Cool White
Colour Colour
Wattage 75 W Wattage 45 W
Initial 650 lm Initial 2850 lm
Lumens Lumens
Colour 2900 K Colour 6500 K
Temperatur Temperatur
e e
Colour 100 Colour 80
Rendering Rendering
Index, CRI Index, CRI

Lumen Method Calculation
Dimension of Room (m) 9m x 3.8m
Total Floor Area (m2) 35
Standard Illuminance Required 300

(lux)
Assumption of Reflectance Ceiling = 0.7
Value
Mounting Height (hm)
Room Index, K
Utilization Factor, UF 0.47
Maintenance Factor, MF 0.8
Lumen Calculation

Number of Luminaires across

Therefore, each spacing
Number of Luminaires along


1.2.2 Sitting Area
Mezzanine Floor Plan
Philips LED Bulb 8W (48W), B22 SOFTONE 15W B22 240V T55 WH
Cap 1CT
Lamp Type LED Lamp Lamp Type Incandescent

Light Warm White Light Soft White
Colour Colour
Wattage 8.0 W Wattage 15.0 W
Lumens Lumens
Colour 2700 K Colour 100
Temperatur Rendering
e Index, CRI
Colour 80
Rendering
Index, CRI
Dimension of Room (m) 10m x 5m

(lux)
Value
Room Index, K
Lumen Calculation




Second Floor
Plan
OSRAM LUMILUX 10W/827 Ecotone High Lumen

Twister
Lamp Type Fluorescent Lamp Lamp Type Fluorescent Lamp

Light Cool White Light Cool White
Colour Colour
Wattage 10.0 W Wattage 45 W
Lumens Lumens
Colour 2700 K Colour 6500 K
Temperatu Temperatur
re e
Colour 80 Colour 80
Rendering Rendering
Index, CRI Index, CRI
Dimension of Room (m) 14m x 7m

(lux)
Value
Room Index, K
Lumen Calculation




2.0 Acoustic Analysis
2.1 Sound Pressure Levels (SPL)

The combined sound pressure level calculation is determined by sound pressure
level measurement of the noise sources by establishing the noise decibels produced
by each noise source
The following is the formula used to determine the sound pressure level:
Sound Pressure Level, SPL
Where, I = intensity of sound (watt)
Io = reference power ( 1 x 10-12 watts)

2.1.1 External Noise
Traffic Noise = 90dB

Human Activity = 40dB
Total intensity, Itotal = ( 9 x 10-3 ) + (4 x 10-8 )

= 9 x 10-3
Therefore,
Combined SPL =
=
The Sound Pressure Level for a market place is within 57 to 67 dB but the reverberation
time for the ground floor is 99 dB which has exceeded the requirement. This is caused by
the traffic light right in front of site which cause cars to stop right in front of the site.

2.2 Reverberation Time
Reverberation time is calculated to determine the amount of sound energy that

can be absorbed into the different types of construction materials in the structure as
well as the interior elements such as building occupants and furniture that are within
the closed space.
Reverberation Time formula:
Where, T = reverberation time (s)
V= room volume, (m2 )
A= absorption coefficient

Table of Absorption Coefficient of Common Building Materials

First Floor Plan
Material Absorption Coefficient at 500Hz. Peak hour with 10 person in the space
Component Material Area (m2)/ Absorption SA

Quantity Coefficient, S (500
Hz)
Ceiling Plasterboard 27 0.04 1.08
Finish
Wall Concrete 43 0.04 1.72
Door Timber 2.5 0.05 0.125
Furniture Plastic 4 0.14 0.56
Counter Timber 23.2 0.05 1.16
People - 10 0.46 4.6
Total SA 9.245

Dimension of Room (L x W) = 7.0m x 3.9m
= 27.3m2
Room Height = 3.0m
Volume of Coffee Counter = 27.3m2 x 3.0m
= 82.0m3
Reverberation Time, RT

Second Floor
Plan
Material Absorption Coefficient at 500Hz. Peak hour with 10 person in the space
Component Material Area (m2)/ Absorption SA

Quantity Coefficient, S (500
Hz)
Ceiling Plasterboard 61 0.04 2.44
Finish
Wall Concrete 106 0.04 6.36
Door Timber 2.5 0.05 0.125
Louvers Timber 20 0.05 1.0
Furniture Plastic 15 0.14 2.1
(chair)
Furniture Timber 15 0.05 0.75
(table)
People - 15 0.46 6.9
Total SA 19.7

Dimension of Room (L x W) = 10.0m x 5.8m
= 58m2
Room Height = 3.2m
Volume of Coffee Counter = 58m2 x 3.2m
= 185.6m3
Reverberation Time, RT

2.3 Sound Reduction Index (SRI)
The Sound Reduction Index is used to measure the airborne sound insulation of
a partition depends upon the amount of sound energy transmitted across the
partition. The proportion of sound energy transmitted through the partition is
measured by the transmission coefficient, T.
Sound Reduction index formula:
Where, To = overall transmission coefficient,
T1 = transmission of coefficient one component
A1 = area of that component
The formula of Transmission Loss is used to get the transmission coefficient of the
materials:
Where, t= transmission coefficient

First Floor Plan
Wall
Type (a) : Concrete Wall
TL of concrete wall = 46
Wall
Counter
Type (b) : Wooden door / Wooden
Surface Surface area, A Transmission Area x

material (m2 ) coefficient, T Transmission
Coefficient
Concrete wall 29.4 2.51 x 10-6 7.38 x 10-5
Wooden door 2.5 0.03 0.075
Wooden counter 10 0.03 0.3

Based on the calculations, 20.4 dB of noise will be reduced during the sound
transmission from the coffee counter to the seating area.

Second Floor
Plan
Wall
Type (a) : Concrete Wall
Wall
Louvers
Type (b) : Wooden door / Wooden
Surface Surface area, A Transmission Area x

material (m2 ) coefficient, T Transmission
Coefficient
Concrete wall 39.5 2.51 x 10-6 9.9 x 10-5
Wooden door 2.5 0.03 0.075
Wooden louvers 0.24 0.03 7.2 x 10-3
(20)

Based on the calculations, 27.2 dB of noise will be reduced during the sound
transmission from the interior of the theory classroom to the exterior and vice versa.

3.0 References
(n.d.). Retrieved July 4, 2015, from http://

www.pioneerlighting.com/new/pdfs/IESLuxLevel.pdf
(n.d.). Retrieved July 4, 2015, from http://

www.acoustic.ua/st/web_absorption_data_eng.pdf
Absorption coefficients of common building materials and finishes. (n.d.). Retrieved

July 4, 2015, from http://www.soundproofyourhome.com/absorption-coefficient-chart
HALOPAR 30. (n.d.). Retrieved July 4, 2015, from http://

www.osram.com/osram_com/products/lamps/halogen-lamps/halopar/halopar-30/index.
jsp
LED BulbBulb. (n.d.). Retrieved July 4, 2015, from http://

www.philips.co.uk/c-p/8718291193005/led-bulb/specifications
LUMILUX T8. (n.d.). Retrieved July 4, 2015, from

http://www.osram.com/osram_com/products/lamps/fluorescent-lamps/fluorescent-lamps-
t8/lumilux-t8/index.jsp?productId
=

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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING &

Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)

PROJECT 2: Integration with Design Studio 5

Name : Gertrude Lee

1.0 Lighting Analysis 3 - 14

1.1.1 Stalls Area

1.1.2 Sitting Area

1.1.3 Practical Classroom

1.2 Artificial Lighting

1.2.1 Stalls Area

1.2.2 Sitting Area

1.2.3 Practical Classroom

2.0 Acoustic Analysis 15 - 30

2.1 Sound Pressure Level

2.1.1 External Noise

2.2 Reverberation Time (RT)

2.2.1 Coffee Counter

2.2.2 Theory Classroom

2.3 Sound Reduction Index (SRI)

2.3.1 Coffee Counter

2.3.2 Theory Classroom

PROJECT 2: Integration with Design Studio 5 2

The following is the formula used to determine the daylight factor:

Daylight Factor x 100%

Where, Ei = illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoor working plane

Eo = simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an

* in Malaysia, Eo = 32 000 lux

According to MS 1525 (2007), Daylight Factor distributions are as follow:

Zone DF (%) Distribution

Very Bright >6 Very large with thermal and

Daylight factors and distribution (Department of standards Malaysia, 2007)

PROJECT 2: Integration with Design Studio 5 3

Mezzanine Floor Plan

PROJECT 2: Integration with Design Studio 5 6

The formula below is used to determine the number of luminaires to be fixed in a

Where, N = number of lamps required

E = illuminance level required (lux)

A = area at working plane height (m2 )

F = average luminous flux from each lamp (lm)

UF = utilisation factor, an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire

MF = maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of

Where, L = length of room (m)

W = width of room (m)

PROJECT 2: Integration with Design Studio 5 7

PROJECT 2: Integration with Design Studio 5 8

OSRAM Halopar 30 ALU Ecotone High Lumen

Lamp Type Fluorescent Lamp Lamp Type Fluorescent Lamp

PROJECT 2: Integration with Design Studio 5 9

Total Floor Area (m2) 35

Standard Illuminance Required 300

Utilization Factor, UF 0.47

Maintenance Factor, MF 0.8

Number of Luminaires across

Number of Luminaires along

PROJECT 2: Integration with Design Studio 5 10

Mezzanine Floor Plan

Lamp Type LED Lamp Lamp Type Incandescent

Total Floor Area (m2) 50

Standard Illuminance Required 200

Utilization Factor, UF 0.51

Maintenance Factor, MF 0.8

Number of Luminaires across

Number of Luminaires along