Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chart
Basics
Objectives
Differentiate between dry air and atmospheric
air.
Define and calculate the specific and relative
humidity of atmospheric air.
Calculate the dew-point temperature of
atmospheric air.
Relate the adiabatic saturation temperature
and wet-bulb temperatures of atmospheric air.
Use the psychrometric chart as a tool to
determine the properties of atmospheric air.
Apply the principles of the conservation of
mass and energy to various air-conditioning
processes.
2
DRY AND ATMOSPHERIC AIR
Atmospheric air: Air in the atmosphere
containing some water vapor (or moisture).
Dry air: Air that contains no water vapor.
Water vapor in the air plays a major role in
human comfort. Therefore, it is an important
consideration in air-conditioning applications.
Constant-presssure cooling of
moist
air and the dew-point temperature
on
the T-s diagram of water.
When the temperature of a
cold drink is below the
dew-point temperature of
the surrounding air, it
6
sweats.
The adiabatic
saturation process is
not practical. To
determine the
absolute and relative
humidity of air, a more
practical approach is
to use a thermometer
whose bulb is covered
with a cotton wick
saturated with water
and to blow air over
the wick.
The temperature A simple arrangement
measured is the wet- to measure the wet-
bulb temperature Twb bulb temperature. Sling
and it is commonly psychrometer
used in A-C
applications. For airwater vapor mixtures at
atmospheric pressure, Twb is
approximately equal to the adiabatic
saturation temperature. 7
THE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
Psychrometric charts: Present moist air properties in a convenient form.
They are used extensively in A-C applications. The psychrometric chart
serves as a valuable aid in visualizing the A-C processes such as heating,
cooling, and humidification.
Schematic for a psychrometric chart. For saturated air, the dry-bulb, wet-
bulb, and dew-point temperatures are
8 identical.
Today, modern air-conditioning systems can HUMAN COMFORT
heat, cool, humidify, dehumidify, clean, and
even deodorize the airin other words, AND AIR-
condition the air to peoples desires.
CONDITIONING
The rate of heat generation by human body
depends on the level of the activity. For an
average adult male, it is about 87 W when
sleeping, 115 W when resting or doing office
work, and 440 W when doing heavy physical
work.
When doing light work or walking slowly, about
half of the rejected body heat is dissipated
through perspiration as latent heat while the
other half is dissipated through convection and
radiation as sensible heat.
We cannot
change the
weather, but we
can change the
climate in a
confined space A body feels comfortable
by air- when it can freely dissipate
conditioning. its waste heat, and no more.
9
In an environment at 10C with The comfort of the human body
48 km/h winds feels as cold as depends primarily on three factors:
an environment at -7C with 3 the (dry-bulb) temperature, relative
km/h winds as a result of the humidity, and air motion.
body-chilling effect of the air The relative humidity affects the
motion (the wind-chill factor). amount of heat a body can dissipate
through evaporation. Most people
prefer a relative humidity of 40 to
60%.
Air motion removes the warm, moist
air that builds up around the body
and replaces it with fresh air. Air
motion should be strong enough to
remove heat and moisture from the
vicinity of the body, but gentle
enough to be unnoticed.
An important factor that affects
human comfort is heat transfer by
radiation between the body and the
surrounding surfaces such as walls
and windows.
A comfortable Other factors that affect comfort are
environment. air cleanliness, odor,10
and noise.
Effect Of Adding Sensible Heat
B
B
70F
70F
C
C
A
A 95F
95F
83.75F
83.75F
80F
80F
200
190
180
170
160
150
130
120
110
Staturation Line
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
200
190
180
170
160
150
130
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
200
190
180
170
160
150
130
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
200
190
180
170
160
150
130
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
200
190
180
170
160
150
130
110
100
90
80
%
90
70
%
80
%
60
70
%
60 50
%
50
40
%
40
30
30%
20
20%
MIDITY
TIVE HU 10
10% RELA
200
190
180
170
160
140
130
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
200
85
190
180
170
80
160
150
130
120
70
110
100
65
90
60
80
70
55
60
50
50
45
40 40
35
30
30
25
20
20
15
10 10
5
200
190
180
170
160
150
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
200
85
190
180
170
80
160
150
and 130
110
100
65
90
60
80
70
55
60
50
50
45
40 40
35
30
30
25
20
20
15
10 10
5
78F
%
50
%
40
72F
95F
Typical Chart With Enthalpy Lines
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART 210
Lexington, Kentucky USA 1.3
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE 28.874 inches of Mercury
200
85
85
190 1.2
180
1.1
170
80
80
160
1.0
150
.8
120
70
70
110
.7
100
65
65
.6
90
60
80 60
.5
70
55
55
60 .4
50
50
50
45
45 .3
40 40
40
35
30 35 .2
DEW POINT - F
30
30
25
20 25
20
15 20 .1
10 10
5 10
0
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
85
85
190 1.2
180
1.1
170
80
80
160
1.0
150
.8
120
70
70
110
.7
100
65
65
.6
90
60
80 60
.5
70
55
55
60 .4
50
50
50
45
45 .3
40 40
40
35
30 35 .2
DEW POINT - F
30
30
25
20 25
20
15 20 .1
10 10
5 10
0
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
200
190
180
170
160
150
130
120
110
100
State Point
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
200
190
180
170
150
140
130
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Dry Bulb 70
State Point 60%
Wet-bulb
Wet-bulb temperature = ? F
Wet-bulb
Wet-bulb
Wet-bulb temperature = 61 F
Dew Point
Dew point = ?
Dew Point
Dew Point
Dew Point
Specific volume = ?
Specific Volume
Specific Volume
Humidity ratio = ?
Humidity Ratio
Humidity Ratio
Enthalpy = ?
Enthalpy
Enthalpy
http://linricsoftw.web127.discountasp.net/webpsycalc.aspx
Sensible Heating
Raise Room Temperature 1 degree F
Constant Humidity Ratio
27.31 Btu/lb
27.06 Btu/lb
00.25 Btu/lb
Raise Room Temperature 1 degree F
Constant Humidity Ratio
Bedroom
12 x 12 x 8 = 1152 ft3
1152 / 14.02 = 82.17 lb
82.17 x 0.25 = 20.54 Btu
Heating System Example
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART 210
Lexington, Kentucky USA
1) Return Air 65 F and 60%
1.3
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE 28.874 inches of Mercury
200
180
1.1
170
80
160
1.0
150
Expected 120
70
.8
Result 110
.7
100
65
.6
90
80 60
70
55
60 .4
50
40
45 .3
40
30 35 .2
DEW POINT - F
30
20 25
20 .1
10 10
0
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
85
190 1.2
1.1
170
80
160
1.0
150
.8
120
70
110
.7
100
65
.6
90
80 60
.5
70
55
.4
40
40
30 35 .2
DEW POINT - F
30
20 25
20 .1
10 10
0
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
ma3
Mass Balance
h3
w3 ma1 w1 + ma2 w2 = ma3 w3
ma2 By Algebra
h2 h2 h3 = w2 w3 = ma1
w2 h3 h1 w3 w1 ma2
Mixing Air Streams
85
210
200
1.3
85
190 1.2
Mixing Two Equal Air Streams = the center of the line 180
170
1.1
80
80
160
150
140 .9
75
VAPO R P R ESSU R E - IN CH E S O F M E RC U RY
130
.8
120
70
70
110
.7
100
65
65
.6
90
60
80 60
.5
70
55
55
60 .4
50
50
50
45
45 .3
40 40
40
35
30 35
D EW PO INT - F
.2
30
30
25
20 25
20
15 20 .1
10 10
5 10
0
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
85
190 1.2
1.1
170
80
160
1.0
150
.8
120
70
110
.7
100
65
.6
90
80 60
.5
70
55
.4
40
40
30 35 .2
DEW POINT - F
30
20 25
20 .1
10 10
0
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
Sensible Heat
q = (cfm) (1.08) (t)
t = temperature F
Latent Heat
q = (cfm) (4840) (w)
w = humidity ratio, lb water per lb dry air
Solving the General Equations
for Air Conditioning - Sources of Error
Sensible Heat
q (Btuh) = (cfm) (1.08) (t)
(t) = q (Btuh)
(cfm) (1.08)
cfm lower - (t) higher
cfm higher - (t) lower
q lower - (t) lower
q higher - (t) higher
Standard Operation of an Air Conditioner
0.002
0.002
Air Conditioner Example
0.002
19 F
Evaporative Cooling
180
85
W
ET
BU 170
130
15.0
75
120
70
110
70
100
65
90
65
14.5
60
80
SPE
90
CIF
60 70
%
55
IC
80
VOL
%
70
UME
60
50 55
ft
%
/lb O
60 50
14.0
45
FD
50
%
50
RY
40 40
A
45
IR
%
35 40
40 30
13.5
30
35 30%
25
30 20
20 20%
25
15
13.0
10 20 MIDITY
TIVE HU 10
5 15 10% RELA
10
12.5
0 5
75
130
14.
5
120
75
70
110
100
70
65
90
65
14.
60 80
%
0
90
SPE
CIF
% 70
80 60
IC
55
VO
%
LUM
70 60
50
E ft
55
%
/lb
60 50
13 .
OF
45 50
DR
%
50
YA
40
40
45
IR
40%
35
40 30
30 30%
13.
35
0
25 20
30
20%
25
12 .
20 DITY
TIVE HUMI 10
10% RELA
5
130
15.0
75
120
70
110
70
100
65
90
65
14.5
60
80
SPE
90
CIF
60 70
%
55
IC
80
VOL
%
70
UME
60
50 55
ft
%
/lb O
60 50
14.0
45
FD
50
%
50
RY
40 40
A
45
IR
%
35 40
40 13.5 30
30
35 30%
25
30 20
20 20%
25
15
13.0
10 20 MIDITY
TIVE HU 10
5 15 10% RELA
10
12.5
0 5