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FWS 04
Courtesy of ExxonMobil L 9 Overview Interpretation
Explorations Task
Identify
Opportunities Capture
Prime Areas
Acquire
Seismic Data Drill
Process Wildcats
Seismic Data
Interpret
Failure Success
Seismic Data
Assess Confirmation
Prospects Well
Uneconomic Success
To Development
Drop
Or Production
Prospect
FWS 04
Courtesy of ExxonMobil L 9 Overview Interpretation
Geologic Framework
Using all available data (wells, seismic, outcrop,
regional studies, gravity, magnetics, etc.) build a
framework of present-day structure and stratigraphy
Structural Interpretation
Faults & Folds
Subsidence & Uplift
Structural Trends
Structural Features
Stratigraphic Interpretation
Unconformities
Stratal Packages
Environments / Facies / Lithologies
Ages
FWS 04
Courtesy of ExxonMobil L 9 Overview Interpretation
FWS 04
Applying the Framework for Prospecting
1. Data Analysis
Present-day conditions - How things are now
Basin reconstruction - How things evolved
2. Prospect Elements
Individual elements: Source, Migration, Reservoir, Trap,
Seal
Favorable juxtaposition of all elements
3. Prospect Assessment
Likely HC volumes in the success case
Risking - How likely is the success case?
FWS 04
Courtesy of ExxonMobil L 9 Overview Interpretation
SEISMIC INTERPRETATION AND
PETROLEUM SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Petroleum
Structural System Geological
Identification
Stratigraphic Source Rock Risk
Identification Reservoir Project
Facies Interpretation Traps and Seals Economic
Migration
Geology
Prospects
Model
SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
Structural and Stratigraphic Interpretations
Seismic Modeling
Seismic Geology
Sections
Interpretation Model
Seismic section Well log Synthetic Geology Model Facies model Structure & Facies map
STRUCTURAL SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
WORK FLOW
Interpretation
Seismic section Prospects
Base map Well Seismic Tie Area
Well Log
Velocity Data
Horizon Picking
Horizon Tracing Project
Mistie Analysis Faults Identification and
reconstruction
Economic
Horizon reading and posting
Data Contouring
Report
Preparation
DATA PREPARATION
Persiapan
Penampang Seismik :
bentuk stack migrasi dan umumnya adalah PSTM .
Skala umumnya horisontal 1 : 20 000 dan vertikal 1 cm = 100 msec.
Pada penampang seismik juga memuat informasi tentang :
bagian atas : data kecepatan, nomer SP, Trace , posisi crossing line, topografi,
shot hole depth
bagian samping (kanan) : nama lintasan, nomer SP dan status processing,
informasi data acquisition, informasi processing dan sekuennya, peta indeks
Data Sumur
Final log, untuk mengetahui puncak formasi atau lapisan tertentu sebagai
marker atau zona-zona mengandung HK (DST, UKL).
Log sonic dan densitas, digunakan untuk membuat sintetik seismogram untuk
seismic well tie
WVS/VSP, untuk mengetahui kecepatan rata-rata tiap interval atau
menkonversi data kedalaman ke data waktu atau sebaliknya, dan sebagai
kalibrasi synthetic seismogram
Data geologi
data navigasi,
data sumur dan data lainnya yang terkait. (dapat dikerjakan
pada saat loading data ke workstation)
kesesuaian penempatan lintasan-lintasan seismic ataupun
penempatan inline dan crossline dari suatu set data
seismic,
penomoran SP/CDP ataupun penomoran inline/crossline
arah-arah lintasan , dan apakah arah dari lintasan- lintasan
tersebut sudah sesuai berdasarkan pengetahuan geologi
daerah
setempat
kesesuaian nama lintasan seimik baik antara header data,
data
seismik tersebut maupun dalam peta dasar.
pastikan sistim koordinat yang digunakan.
Lecture 7
Synthetic Trace
Time (ms)
Depth
FWSchroeder
Courtesy of ExxonMobil 06
L 7 Well-Seismic 17
Objectives of Well-Seismic Ties
FWSchroeder
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L 7 Well-Seismic 18
Measurements In Time and In Depth
Vertical depth
Base of
Weathering
Two-way time
FWSchroeder
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L 7 Well-Seismic 19
Comparison of Seismic and Well Data
100 m
FWSchroeder
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L 7 Well-Seismic 20
Seismic-Well Tie Flow-Chart
Estimate
Pulse
External Well -
Well -
Pulse Seismic Tie
Seismic Tie
Check Shots/
Time Depth
Information
FWSchroeder
Courtesy of ExxonMobil 06
L 7 Well-Seismic 21
Check Shot Data
Depth
Used to determine start time of
top of well-log curves
FWSchroeder
Courtesy of ExxonMobil 06
L 7 Well-Seismic 22
The Modeling Process
Reflection
Lithology Velocity Density Impedance Wavelet Synthetic
Coefficients
Shale
Sand
Shale
x = *
Sand
Shale
We block the velocity (sonic) and density logs and compute an impedance
log
We calculate the reflection coefficients at the step-changes in impedance
We convolve our pulse with the RC series to get individual wavelets
Each RC generates a wavelet whose amplitude is proportional to the RC
We sum the individual wavelets to get the synthetic seismic trace
FWSchroeder
Courtesy of ExxonMobil 06
L 7 Well-Seismic 23
SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAM
Our Example
Well A
FWSchroeder
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L 7 Well-Seismic 25
Tying Synthetic to Seismic Data
Time (ms)
Without check shots estimate start time
of first bed
FWSchroeder
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L 7 Well-Seismic 26
Assumptions for Synthetic Well Ties
FWSchroeder
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L 7 Well-Seismic 27
Common Pitfalls
Pemilihan horizon :
didasarkan pada : kontinuitas refleksi, amplitude yang mudah dikenal,
sifat-sifat khusus yang mewakili atau horizon yang ekwivalen dengan
lapisan produktif.
Persiapan Pemetaan
Pembacaan / Gridding
Pembacaan /gridding untuk mengetahui harga dan posisi horizon atau fault yang
akan dipetakan , dengan syarat seluruh data seismic sudah cocok (tie).
Hasil pembacaan kemudian di plot pada peta dasar . Dalam beberapa kasus
apabila lintasan seismic yang terdapat pada peta dasar masih jarang (jarak antar
lintasannya jauh) maka harga pada posisi antar lintasan akan diinterpolasi .
Mistie
Mistie adalah perbedaan waktu refleksi pada horizon dan posisi yang
sama antara dua penampang seismic yang berpotongan.
Mistie antara 1 - 10 msec, dapat diabaikan untuk kepentingan pemetaan
regional (kontur intervalnya 20 - 50 msec),
Untuk pemetaan detail dengan interval kontur 5 - 10 msec, mistie diatas
5 msec harus dikoreksi.
Hor. 1
Hor. 2
Hor. 3
A
A B C
B N S W E
C
Structural Structural
Observations Concepts
Structural Structural
Observations Concepts
Fault segments on seismic lines Tectonic Setting
Fault plane orientation Divergent zones
Sense of motion Convergent zones
Magnitude of offset Strike-slip zones
Range of depths Mobile substrate
Relative timing How Structures Evolve
when faults moved Fault-bend folds
when structures grew Fault-propagation folds
Salt movement
etc.
CONTRAC- UPLIFT,
EXTENSION LATERAL
TION SUBSIDENCE
BASEMENT detached
fold-and- tear faults salt, shale
DETACHED normal
thrust belts (detached) diapirism
faulting
1 mile
30
00
TUNGKAL
103
103
DEEP
103
DEEP
LEGEND:
TIGA PULUH
HIGH TAF >300m
A.MENDAHARA-1 TIUNG-1 GERAGAI-1
TAF 100-300m
TIUNG-2
SOGO-1
SPT-B
SPT-B
MANIS
TAF <100m
MATA-1
MRT-A
MRT-B
TAF absent
AAB-1
BETUNG-1
Igneous rock
BKP-A
BKP-B
HARI-1
RCD-B
RCD-A SG-5
GEGER
KALONG-1 M-1 P-2
P-1 KT-3
MERSAM-1
MUARA
SABAK-1
P-1A
N-1
S.MEDAK-1
MERANG-1
JANGGA-1
BL-2
G-1 SIAPO -1
KALIBERAU-5 NIKAM -1
KUKU
LAMBAR-1
AWS
BAKUNG-1
0 5 15 km
00
30
15
45
45
30
15
TUNGKAL-1
103
104
104
103
104
104
103
Model Penampang seismik pada sesar naik
Pitfalls in Seismic Interpretation
1.Multiple
Multiple occurs when the wavefront is reflected more than one time.
2t Seismic reflector
1st multiple
t = two way time
LONG PATH
LONG PATH
MULTIPLE
MULTIPLE
PRIMARY
SURFACE
PEG LEG GHOST GHOST
reflector
Seismic
Figure 2. General type of multiple
WBM
sideswipe
WBM
Figure 5. Examples of multiple : WB water bottom multiple, IBM-interbed multiple and sideswide
2.Diffraction
Diffraction occurs due to the sharp change of reflector plane geometry, for
examples due to the faults, instrusion, karst, etc (Figure 9). The sharp plane
refract energy to all direction and recorded as hyperbolic trace with diffraction
source as its apex. The position of fault plane can be estimated by joining the
apexes (Figure 10).
Even though diffraction can be minimized using migration technique, they still
appear in seismic records and interfere interpretation.
Geophone Source
(b)
Figure 10d. Seismic examples of a burried focus. (a) Stacked section showing the bow-tie effect.
(b) Migrated section, revealing the true synclinal shape of the reflector (courtesy Norsk Hydro)
3.Velocity Efect
Changes of rock properties, for instances due to formation thickness and facies
can create velocity change. The change can give distortion between the stacked
time section and the real thickness and depth.
Down-dip apparent thinning occurs due to the increasing interval velocity with
depth for a constant thickness bed. This makes the bed become thinner to the
depth in time section (Figure 11). Apparent thinning can also accur along fault
plane due to the change of rock velocity across the fault plane (Figure 12).
Velocity anomaly also often occurs beneath low-angle dip fault plane like in the
case of thrust and lystric normal fault because of the lateral velocity change due
to the faulting (Figure 13-14)
Pull-up velocity anomaly will also develop under salt structure, and high-
velocity carbonate or channel (Fig.15-17). On the contrary, push down velocity
anomaly can occur beneath shale diapir or carbonates with lower velocity than
the surroundings (Figure 18). Extreme change of water depth can also cause
severe velocity anomaly (Figure 19).
SEISMIC SECTION SEISMIC SECTION
Figure 18. Velocity anomaly beneath carbonate reef. (a) and (b) Pull-up.
(c) and (d) pull-down (Badley, 1985)
surface
Figure 11. Apparent bed thinning due to velocity effect (Badley, 1985)
Downbending of reflections into a
V1 fault. This can occur when low-
V1 velocity material is faulted by a
dipping fault. In the zone beneath the
V2
fault plane, downbending of reflections
V2 can occur due to the lower velocities
(and, there-for, longer traveltimes) in
V3 lower-velocity downthrown rocks.
V3
V = Velocity
V3>V2>V1
Downbending
of reflection
Figure 12. Apparent downbending effect due to the velocity effect (Badley, 1985)
Direct Hydrocarbon Indicator
(DHI)