Heart

Prefixes/Suffixes
• Brady-
• -gram –
• Papil- nipple
• Tachy-
• Diastol- dilation
• Systol- contraction
 Videos
Warning Signs of Heart Attack Testimonials

• Chest discomfort. Most heart attacks involve discomfort in the

center of the chest that lasts for more than a few minutes, or goes
away and comes back. The discomfort can feel like uncomfortable
pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain.

• Discomfort in other areas of the upper body. Can include pain

or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw, or stomach.
 
• Shortness of breath. Often comes along with chest discomfort.
But it also can occur before chest discomfort.
 
• Other symptoms. May include breaking out in a cold sweat,
nausea, or light-headedness.
 Heart Facts
• Your heart is about the same size as your fist.
• An average adult body contains about five quarts of
blood.
• All the blood vessels in the body joined end to end
would stretch 62,000 miles or two and a half times
around the earth.
• The heart circulates the body's blood supply about
1,000 times each day.
• The heart pumps the equivalent of 5,000 to 6,000
quarts of blood each day.
 To Understand a Heart Attack,
you need to understand the Heart
• Location: Thoracic Cavity
• Parts of the heart
– 4 chambers:
• 2 atria: thin walled upper
chambers which receive blood
• 2 ventricles: muscled lower
chambers which pump the blood
out
What protects the Heart?
• The Pericardium
• 2 layers
– Parietal Pericardium
– Visceral Pericardium
– Fluid between to reduce friction
• Pericarditits: reduced serous
fluid.
 Layers of the heart wall

• Epicardium – visceral serous

pericardium
• Myocardium – cardiac muscle
• Endocardium – covers valves
and tendons
 What is the Heart made of?
• Cardiac muscle
• Cells are elongated and cylindrical,
striated, & only have one nucleus.
• They have rapid, involuntary, rhythmic
contractions
• Cardiac muscle cells form intercalated
discs containing gap junctions, which
bridge cells.
 The Heart Valves
 Job: blood flow in one direction.
• Semilunar valves: between the arteries
and ventricles
– Pulmonary semilunar valve
– Aortic semilunar valve
 Atrioventricular valves: between the
atria and ventricles
• Tricuspid valve (right)
• Bicuspid (mitral) valve (left)
 How do valves work?
• Valves open as blood
is pumped through
• Held in place by
chordae tendineae
(“heart strings”)
• Close to prevent
backflow
 Checkpoint
• Identify the location of the heart.
• Describe the various layers of the
pericardium and the heart wall.
• How do atria and ventricles differ in
structure and function?
• Which blood vessels carry oxygenated
blood? Deoxygenated blood?
 Checkpoint
• Describe the main force that causes
blood to flow through the heart.
• Why is it that blood flowing through
the chambers within the heart cannot
supply sufficient oxygen or remove
enough carbon dioxide from the
myocardium?
 Review: What causes the Heart
beat?
• SA Node begins the
signal (pacemaker)
• AV Node (bundle of
His) works as a
resistor and slows the
signal down.
• Finally goes to the
Purkinji fibers
 Checkpoint
• Describe the path of an action
potential through the conduction
system.
 What techniques do you know of
to diagnose heart attacks?
• EKG: monitors the electrical system of the
heart. Only one that can diagnose attack.
• Heart ultrasound: diagnoses heart damage
or deformities when patient is stable.
• Stress Test: Tests how well your heart is
doing.
• Sphygmomanometer: BP kit
 Checkpoint
• What is the significance of the P
wave, QRS complex, and T wave?
 Cardiac
Cycle
• Relaxation
period
• Atrial systole
(contraction)
• Ventricular
systole
(contraction)
 What causes the sound your
heart makes?
• The 1st heart sound (lub) is caused
by the closure of the Tricuspid
and Mitral Valves.
Heart Sounds

• The 2nd sound (dub) is caused by

the closure of the Pulmonary and
Aortic Valves.
 Checkpoint
• Explain the events that occur
during each of the three phases of
the cardiac cycle.
• What causes the heart sounds?
 Cardiac Output
• Cardiac Output (CO)– volume of blood
ejected per minute from the left
ventricle into the aorta
• Determined by:
– Stroke volume (SV) – amount of blood
ejected by the left ventricle during
each beat
– Heart rate (HR) – number of
heartbeats per minute
• CO = SV x HR
 What affects stroke
volume?
• Degree of stretch in the heart
before it contracts
• Forcefulness of contraction of
individual ventricular muscle
fibers
• Pressure required to eject blood
from the ventricles
What affects Heart Rate?
• Cardiovascular Center in medulla
oblongata
– Baroreceptors
– Chemoreceptors
• Hormones
• Ions
• Age, gender, fitness, body temp.
 Checkpoint
• Describe how stroke volume is
regulated.
• How does the autonomic nervous
system help regulate heart rate?
• Why is aerobic exercise beneficial?
 Atherosclerosis
Progressive disease characterized by the
formation of plaques in the walls of large and
medium sized arteries Atherosclerosis Link
Heart Quiz