Next Part of Step II

Determining Peak Speed

Dr. B. C. Paul 2000 revised 2008

Note The methods outlined here are typical of widely known
published engineering practices. The slides contain
information taken specifically from the Caterpillar Performance
Handbook and screen shots taken from the FPC computer
program developed by Caterpillar Equipment Company.
 Identify Peak Vehicle
Speeds
Peak Vehicle Speeds are a
function of power a gearing and
the resistance to vehicle travel
Resistances are
Grade resistance - overcoming (or
benefiting from gravity)
Rolling Resistance - from flexure
of tires and road
Wind Resistance
 Review of Resistance

Wind Resistance not normally

an issue for haul trucks -
common practice to ignore
Grade Resistance
Good old physics problem where
break forces into components
2000 * sin (pheta)
 Simplifying Grade
Resistance

Tan () = Rise / Run

At Slopes less than about 20%
Tan () = Sin()
Adjusting for Percentage Grade
instead of rise over run
20 lbs/ton * % Grade = Grade Res.
We just took the Trig out of
Grade Resistance Calculations
 Rolling Resistance

Tires Sink into Ground - softer

ground sink more
Tires Flatten
Driving uphill out of a rut on a
flat tire spot
Need to Know Underfoot
conditions and Type of Tire
(Radial or Bias Ply)
Data Comes From an All
Knowing Table
 Reading the Table

Note that Table Gives either

lbs/ton or % Grade
One way to treat rolling
resistance is as a equivalent
grade
Puts in the same units as grade
resistance so they are additive
 Two Ways of Totaling
Resistance
Equivalent Grade Method
Take Grade in %
Add Equivalent Grade for Rolling
Resistance
Lbs Resistance method
Tons Weight * 20 * % Grade
Plus Tons Weight * lbs/ton rolling
Note That with Down Hill both
can be negative
 Converting Between
To Convert Total Resistance in%
Grade to lbs
Weight in tons * 20 * % eqiuv
Grade - lbs Resistance
To Convert Total lbs Resistance
to % Grade
lbs / 20 / Weight in tons = % Grade
Ill leave you in suspense
wondering why we care
 Getting Rolling Resistance
for our FPC Example

FPC Uses the %

Grade System

Assume I have a firm smooth

Road with tires not sinking in
About 2.5% for bias ply tires
Entering into FPC

I had my grade
Resistance from my
Haulage profile
Description.

I added my rolling
Resistance of 2.5%
 Peak Speed the Manual
Way
Cat 773B 58 ton Mechanical
Hauling Dolomite
77 foot Turning Radius so it can make
the 85 foot switch back
44.6 yards heaped capacity * 2600
lbs/yd3 = 57.8 tons Good match
For the level Run
Grade Resistance is 0%
For hard pack earth 4.25%
Total is 4.25% Grade
 Expressed as Lbs
Resistance
Calculated as Lbs Resistance
43.5 tons Empty (from Cat Book)
* 20 lbs/ton
* 0% Grade
0 lbs Grade Resistance
43.5 tons * 85lbs/ton = 3697.5
lbs
Total 3697.5 lbs Resistance
Peak Speed Established
by Gradability Chart
Read Down the Grade Line
To the Intersection With the
Weight Line

Read Over to Gear Curve

Read Down to the Speed

Speed is 40 mph in 7th
Gear
By the Rimpull or Lbs
Resistance Method
Take Calculated Rimpull
Requirements (3698 lbs)
and go to Rimpull Scale on
Chart
Read over to Gear Line
Read down to Speed
Conclude Peak Speed is
40 mph in 7th Gear
 Checking Other Peak
Speeds

Ramp -10% grade

-10% Grade
+ 4.25% Rolling Resistance
Total = - 5.75%
Convert to lbs
-5.75% * 20 * 87000/2000 = -5002.4
lbs
Time to Go to the Chart
 Holly Marshmellowed Jelly
Beans! Theres no Scale for a
negative Grade!
 Enter the Retarder Chart
(No I didnt Say Retarded)
Read Down the Net Favorable
Grade to the Truck Weight Line

Read Over to Gear Curve

Read Down to the Speed

Conclude 40 mph in 7th Gear

 Things to Note About
Chart Reading
Some Charts Allow Either Grade
or Rimpull Method
Cat Gradability Chart Allows Either
Some Allow Only One of the
Two Methods
Cat Retarder Chart Allows Only
Favorable Grade
Since it Varies by Manufacture,
you must know both methods
 More Notes

For the Grade Method we read

down either the empty or full
weight line
For a volume limited truck the
loaded truck may not weigh full
gross weight so you cant use pre-
printed line - you must use actual
loaded weight
Some bed liners alter empty
weight
 Manufactures Also Have
Brake Performance Charts

Note That the Charts Differ in Braking Distance

Looking at the Total Negative Grade Distance in a cycle to
determine length - Not just grade for the chosen haul segment
 How Does FPC do This

All the curves are programmed

into FPC for Caterpillar
Equipment
You have to input the curves for
non-Caterpillar equipment.