All living things make use of the

same types of biomolecules, and

all use energy
The fundamental similarity of cells
of all types makes it interesting to
speculate on the origins of life
 science concerned with the
chemical constituents of living cells
and with reactions and processes
they undergo
 Vital Force theory
experiment of Friedrich Whler in
1828
 livingcells include very large
molecules (proteins, nucleic acids,
polysaccharides, lipids)

these biomolecules are polymers

(Greek: poly + meros, many +
parts)
they are derived from monomers:
--amino acids --> proteins
--nucleotides --> nucleic acids
--monosaccharides -->
polysaccharides
--glycerol and 3 fatty acids -->
lipids
 The Cell Overview
Early Contributions
Robert Hooke - first person to see
cells, he was looking at cork and
noted a great many boxes (1665)

Anton van Leeuwenhock - Observed

living cells in pond water, which he
called "animalcules" (1676)
 The Cell Overview
Early Contributions

Mattias Schleiden botonist who

observed that the tissues of plants
contained cells ( 1838)
Theodore Schwann - zoologist who
observed that the tissues of animals
had cells (1839)
 The Cell Overview
Early Contributions

Rudolf Virchow - reported that every

living thing is made of up cells. He
also predicted that cells come from
other cells. (1855 )
 The Cell Theory

1. Every living organism is made of

one or more cells.
2. Cell is the basic unit of structure
and function. It is the smallest
unit that can perform life
functions.
3. All cells arise from pre-existing
cells.
 Types of Cells
1.Prokaryotic Cells
- "before the nucleus"
- very simple cells
- do not contain a membrane bound
nucleus
- Bacteria and cyanobacteria
- circular DNA
Features found in some bacteria:
Flagella - used for movement

Pilus - small hair-like structures used

for attaching to other cells

Capsule - tough outer layer that

protects bacteria
2. Eukaryotic cells - more advanced cells
- found in plants, animals and protists

Composed of 4 main parts:

1. cell membrane - outer boundary of
the cell

2. cytoplasm - jelly-like fluid interior of

the cell
3. nucleus - "control center" of the
cell
- location of all genetic
information

4. organelles - "little organs" that

carry out cell functions
Plant cells have a rigid layer of cell
wall instead of the more flexible cell
membrane.
Characteristic biomembranes and organelles

Plasma Membrane
lipid/protein/
carbohydrate complex;
serves as a barrier;
contains transport and
signaling systems
Nucleus
-Double membrane
(nuclear envelope)
-contains nucleolus and
chromatin
-Location of main genome
-Pores allow specific
communication with the
cytoplasm
Mitochondria
-Surrounded by a double
membrane with a series of
folds
-Functions in energy
production thru oxidation
processes
-Contains its own DNA, and
is believed to have
originated as a captured
bacterium.
Chloroplasts (plastids)
- double membrane,
containing stacked
thylakoid membranes
- photosynthetic
organelle
-Contains own DNA
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
-network of interconnected membranes
forming channels within the cell
-Covered with ribosomes; involved in the
process of synthesizing proteins for
secretion or localization in membranes
Ribosomes
-Protein and RNA complex responsible
for protein synthesis.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
-A network of interconnected membranes
forming channels within the cell
- site for synthesis and metabolism of
lipids
-Also contains enzymes for detoxifying
chemicals including drugs and pesticides.
 Golgi apparatus
-is the distribution and shipping department
for the cell's chemical products
-It modifies proteins and fats built in the
endoplasmic reticulum and prepares them
for export to the outside of the cell.
Lysosymes
- membrane bound organelle responsible for
degrading proteins and membranes in the
cell
-secretes hydrolytic enzymes
Peroxisomes or Microbodies
-secretes catalase that degrades hydrogen
peroxide
Vacuoles
-Membrane surrounded "bags"
-isolate waste substances that are toxic to
the plant
Cell wall
-Plants have a rigid cell wall in addition to
their cell membranes.
Microtubules- straight, hollow
cylinders found throughout the
cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells
- carry out functions of transport and
structural support
Centrioles - self-replicating
organelles made up of nine bundles
of microtubules
- found only in animal cells
-they appear to help in organizing
cell division
Intermediate filaments - class of
fibrous proteins
- role as both structural
and functional elements of the
cytoskeleton
- size from 8 to 12 nanometers
- function as tension-bearing
elements
Microfilaments - solid rods made of
globular proteins called actin
- primarily structural in function and are
an important component of the
cytoskeleton
Endosomes - membrane-bound
vesicles, formed via endocytosis
- found in the cytoplasm of every
animal cell
1. Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus, bound
by a double membrane. Prokaryotic cells
have no nucleus.
2. Eukaryotic DNA is linear; prokaryotic DNA is
circular (it has no ends).
3. Eukaryotic DNA is complexed with
proteins called "histones and
organized into chromosomes;
prokaryotic DNA is "naked with no
histones associated with it, and it is
not formed into chromosomes.
4. Both cell types have many
ribosomes, but the ribosomes of
the eukaryotic cells are larger and
more complex than those of the
prokaryotic cell.
5. The cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells is
filled with a large, complex collection of
organelles, many of them enclosed in
their own membranes;
the prokaryotic cell contains no
membrane-bound organelles which are
independent of the plasma membrane.
6. The size of prokaryotic cells is
typically 0.2-2.0 micrometer in
diameter while eukaryotic cell is
10-100 micrometer in diameter.
7. In prokaryotes, the cell division occurs via
binary fission and no meiosis takes place
but only transfer of DNA fragments occurs
via conjugation.
- Cell division in eukaryotes occurs through
mitosis and sexual reproduction occurs
through meiosis.