Module 10 - 63

RT Equipment
Radiation source Densitometer / film
X-ray machine density strips
Gamma radiation Film processor
source
Film viewers
Radiation monitor
Film holders
IQIs

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 64

Orientation of Source, Plate, & Film

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 65

RT Advantages
Detects subsurface flaws
Used for all materials
Film is permanent record
If stored properly

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 66

RT Limitations
Radiation hazard
Requires access to both sides
Flaw orientation
Flaw types
Film interpretation

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 67

RT Results
Film
Video tape
Sketches

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 68

Ultrasonic Testing

Based on the propagation of sound waves

through materials, and the reflected echo from
density changes.

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 69

Piezoelectric Effect

Refers to materials which can convert electrical

energy to mechanical energy and vice versa.

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 70

Principles of Sound
Sound travels within a given material at a
constant velocity, based in part, on material
density. Sound will not travel in a vacuum.
There are several types of sound waves:

Longitudinal (straight beam)

Shear (angle beam)
Others not pertinent to weld inspection

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 71

UT Equipment & Operation

Electronic base unit
Piezoelectric transducer
Calibration blocks

Couple probe to part with couplant

Carry out testing
Evaluate signals

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 72

UT Process

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 73

Longitudinal
Calibration

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 74

UT Process - 1 of 2

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 75

UT Process - 2 of 2

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 76

Angle Beam
Testing of Weld

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 77

Weld Testing - 1 of 2

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 78

Weld Testing - 2 of 2

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 79

UT Advantages
A true volumetric test
One side access
Very accurate
Deep penetration - 200
Critical flaws found
Equipment fully portable

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 80

UT Limitations
Highly skilled operator
Smooth surfaces
Groove welds > 1/4 thick

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 81

Eddy Current Testing

Based on the principle of eddy currents being

formed in conductive materials in the presence
of an AC coil and changes in those eddy
currents by material changes.

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 82

Test Coil

Induced Eddy
Currents

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 83

ET Uses
Flaw detection
Metal thickness
Coating thickness
Metal hardness
Heat treatment

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 84

ET CRT
Displays

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 85

ET Equipment
Base unit, CRT or meter
AC probe (coil)
Calibration standards

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 86

ET Advantages
No contact required with part
No couplant required
Readily Automated
Applicable to all metals

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 87

ET Limitations
Highly skilled operator
Too sensitive
Shallow penetration - 3/16
Calibration standards required
Requires surface cleanliness
Magnetic materials more difficult

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 88

NDE Symbols
Similar to weld symbols
Shorthand notation
Very useful
Combine with weld symbols

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 89

Standard Location of Elements for

NDE Symbols

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 90

NDE Test Methods - Abbreviations

1 of 2
Acoustic Emission AET
Eddy Current ET
Leak LT
Magnetic Particle MT
Neutron Radiography NRT

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 91

NDE Test Methods - Abbreviations

2 of 2
Penetrant PT
Proof PRT
Radiography RT
Ultrasonic UT
Visual VT

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
 Module 10 - 92

WIT Summary
Have covered much material in 3 days
Workbook and Sample Fundamentals Exam
are good guides to your grasp of each
Module, and may point towards areas
needing more study in Manual
Urge all to study these subjects in greater
depth as part of continuing education

Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y