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UNIT 3 : GENERATION OF

HIGH DC, AC AND IMPULSE


VOLTAGES AND HIGH
CURRENTS

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 1
Anna University
3.0 INTRODUCTION
Generation of very high voltages
and high currents becomes
necessary for the following
reasons :
For use in applied physics,
electrostatic precipitators,
particle accelerators, etc.,
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 2
Anna University
For testing power apparatus to be
used in high voltage systems
For testing surge diverters with
high impulse currents
For R & D purpose ( study of
breakdown mechanisms and

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 3
Anna University
development of dielectric
materials, etc., )
Different forms of high voltages
and currents mentioned earlier
are classified as:
i) High DC voltages
ii)High AC voltages of power
frequency
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 4
Anna University
iii) High AC voltages of high
frequency
iv) High impulse voltages
v) Long duration switching
surges
vi) High impulse currents used for
testing surge diverters

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 5
Anna University
3.1 GENERATION OF HIGH DC
VOLTAGES
Half wave rectifier circuit:

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT


Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 6
Anna University
VOLTAGE AND CURRENT WAVEFORMS

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 7
Anna University
Full wave rectifier circuit:
Single phase full wave circuit can
only be used when transformer
HT winding is earthed at middle
point and DC output is earthed at
one end.

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 8
Anna University
Voltage doubler ( multiplier )
circuit:
When high DC voltages are
needed , a voltage doubler or
cascaded rectifier doubler
circuits are used as shown be in
the next slides.
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 9
Anna University
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 10
Anna University
SIMPLE VOLTAGE DOUBLER CIRCUIT

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 11
Anna University
CASCADED VOLTAGE DOUBLER CIRCUIT
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 12
Anna University
COCKROFT-WALTON
CIRCUIT :
Cascaded voltage multiplier
circuits for higher voltages
becomes cumbersome and
require too many isolating
transformers. In such cases we
extend a simple voltage doubler
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 13
Anna University
circuit using Cockroft-Walton
principle as shown in the next
figure.
ELECTROSTATIC MACHINES:
Electrostatic generators convert
mechanical energy directly into
electrical energy. In contrast to
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 14
Anna University
CASCADED RECTIFIER UNIT COCKROFT WALTON VOLTAGE
WITH PULSE GENERATOR MULTIPLIER CIRCUIT

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 15
Anna University
900 kV COCKROFT WALTON DC GENERATOR
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 16
Anna University
electromechanical energy
conversion , electrical charges
are moved in this generator
against the force of electric field,
thus gaining higher potential
energies and consuming
mechanical energy.
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 17
Anna University
Based on the above principle , Van
de graff ,in 1931, succeeded with
the development of electrostatic
belt driven generators.
In the figure that follows , charge
is sprayed onto an insulating
moving belt by means of corona
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 18
Anna University
discharging points which are at
some 10 kV from earth potential.
The belt ,having width varying
between cm to metres, is driven at
about 15-20 m/s by means of a
motor. The charge is conveyed to
the upper end where it is removed
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 19
Anna University
from the belt by discharging
points connected to metal
electrode. The entire equipment
is usually enclosed in an earthed
metal tank filled with compressed
gas like air, air-freon and SF6 at
5 to 15 atm .
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 20
Anna University
ELECTROSTATIC BELT DRIVEN
Dr M A Panneerselvam, GENERATOR
Professor, 21
Anna University
Voltage developed in Van de
graff Generator:

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 22
Anna University
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 23
Anna University
there are no losses in the system.
It generates very high voltages
with small output current.
3.2 GENERATION OF HIGH AC
VOLTAGES AT POWER
FREQUENCY
CASCADED TRANSFORMERS:
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 24
Anna University
For voltages higher than about
300 to 500 kV cascading of
transformers have the following
advantages:
Flexibility in the output voltage
Lesser insulation
Easy transportation and erection
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 25
Anna University
Easy maintenance and over
hauling

A prerequisite to apply this


technique is an exciting winding
within each transformer unit, as
shown in the following figure.

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 26
Anna University
CASCADED TRANSFORMER CONNECTION ( SCHEMATIC )
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Anna University
CASCADED TRANSFORMER UNIT ( IREQ, CANADA)
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Anna University
RESONANT TRANSFORMERS:
By means of Resonant
transformers very high voltages
can be developed using the
principle of resonance. The high
voltage testing transformer
consists of leakage reactance of
windings , the magnetizing
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 29
Anna University
reactance and the shunt
capacitance across the output
due to bushing and also the test
object. During resonance the
inductive impedance equals the
capacitive impedance and
hence current is limited only by
the resistance of the circuit.
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 30
Anna University
RESONANT TRANSFORMER EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

Vc = -jVXc/ R+j(Xl- Xc) = XcV/R= V/CR

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 31
Anna University
2.2 MV SERIES RESONANT CIRCUIT
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 32
Anna University
3.3 GENERATION OF HIGH
AC VOLTAGES AT HIGH
FREQUENCY
High frequency high voltages are
required for rectifier DC power
supplies and testing with high
frequency damped oscillations.
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 33
Anna University
Advantages of HF transformers
are:
Absence of iron core, pure sine
wave output, slow building up of
voltage and uniform distribution
the voltage across the winding
coils.
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 34
Anna University
The commonly used HF resonant
transformer is TESLA COIL as
shown in the next figure.
The primary and secondary
windings (L1 & L2) are wound on an
insulated former with no core and
immersed in oil. The windings
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 35
Anna University
are tuned to a frequency of 10 to
100 kHz by means of condensers
C1 & C2 .
Using a simplified analysis based
on energy stored ,
W2 = W1= C1 V12 = C2 V22
From which, V2 = V1 C1 / C2
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 36
Anna University
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OUTPUT WAVEFORM

TESLA COIL

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 37
Anna University
3.4 GENERATION OF HIGH
IMPULSE VOLTAGES

Lightning impulse waveform is an


unidirectional impulse of nearly
double exponential in shape. It
can be shown to be the difference
of two exponential waveforms as
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 38
Anna University
below:
v(t) = V ( exp (t) exp (-t) )

Three types of impulse voltage


wave forms can occur , namely,
i) full impulse
ii) chopped impulse and
iii) front of wave impulse
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Anna University
i) Full impulse:

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 40
Anna University
ii) Chopped impulse:

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Anna University
iii) Front of wave impulse:

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 42
Anna University
IMPULSE VOLTAGE WAVEFORM

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 43
Anna University
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF MARX CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENT FOR
MULTISTAGE IMPULSE GENERATOR

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 44
Anna University
MULTISTAGE IMPULSE GENERATOR INCORPORATING SERIES
AND WAVE TAIL RESISTANCES WITHIN
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor,THE GENERATOR 45
Anna University
MULTISTAGE IMPULSE GENERATOR CONNECTED TO POTENTIAL
DIVIDER,MEASURING SPHERES
Dr M A Panneerselvam, AND LOAD
Professor, 46
Anna University
Analysis of Impulse Generator
circuit: Two basic circuits for
single stage impulse generator
are shown below:

RESISTANCE R2 ON THE LOAD SIDE


Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 47
Anna University
RESISTANCE R2 ON THE GENERATOR SIDE

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 48
Anna University
Taking the circuit in Fig. (a) ,

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 49
Anna University
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 50
Anna University
IMPULSE WAVE AND ITS COMPONENTS
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 51
Anna University
Approximate values for t1 and t2
are, t1 = 3.0 R1Ce
where Ce = C1 C2 / ( C1+C2)
and t2 = 0.7 ( R1+R2)(C1+C2)
When resistances R1 and R2 are
in ohms and capacitances C1
and C2 are in microfarads the
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 52
Anna University
time is in microseconds.
Depending upon the output
voltage requirement and to get
proper wave shape ,the no. of
stages of the impulse generator
can be connected in full series,
full parallel or series parallel.
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 53
Anna University
The following table shows the result
for some selected wave shapes:

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Anna University
Triggering of impulse Generators:

TRIGATRON SPARK GAP


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Anna University
Tripping of Impulse Generator
with three electrode gap:

TRIPPING OF IMPULSE GENERATOR WITH A THREE


Dr ELECTRODE
M A Panneerselvam,GAP
Professor, 56
Anna University
2.4 MV IMPULSE GENERATOR
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 57
Anna University
3.5 GENERATION OF
SWITCHING SURGES
Switching surges may be
considered as equivalent to
impulse voltages of slow rising
front (0.1 to 10 ms) and a tail time
of several ms.
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 58
Anna University
Impulse generator circuits can
be modified by choosing
suitable values for time to front
(t 1) and time to tail (t 2) to
produce switching surges as
shown in the next figure.

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 59
Anna University
CIRCUITS FOR GENERATING SWITCHING SURGE VOLTAGES
WITH OUTPUT WAVEFORMS ACROSS THE LOAD CX
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Anna University
3.6 GENERATION OF HIGH
IMPULSE CURRENTS
Lightning discharges involve both
high voltage impulses and high
current impulses on transmission
lines. Surge diverters used for
protection have to discharge
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 61
Anna University
high currents without damage.
Therefore generation of high
impulse currents becomes
necessary for testing surge
diverters , studies on arc and
electric plasmas. The impulse
currents used for testing surge

Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 62
Anna University
diverters are generally 4/10 and
8/20 s with tolerances of 10 %
on both t1 and t2.
For producing impulse currents of
large values, a bank of capacitors
in parallel are charged to a
specific value and are discharged
through a series R-L circuit :
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Anna University
BASIC CIRCUIT OF AN IMPULSE CURRENT GENERATOR

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Anna University
ARRANGEMENT OF CAPACITORS FOR HIGH IMPULSE CURRENT
GENERATION
Dr M A Panneerselvam, Professor, 65
Anna University

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