Frequent Urination

Case #1
 B. T., 28 years old female, married, nonhypertensive,
nondiabetic, non-asthmatic, consulted due to frequency in
urination. There was no accompanying symptoms.
She denies any major medical illnesses and surgeries, no
previous hospitalizations; doesnt smoke nor drink alcoholic
beverages; has no allergies.
Patient claims she has no weight loss; no chest pains, nor
cough.
Patient is conscious, coherent, ambulatory, and is
not in cardiorespiratory distress.

BP: 100/70 mm/Hg

PR: 90/min
RR: 20/min
Temperature: 37C
 Pink palpebral conjuctivae, anicteric
sclerae; Supple neck, with no palpable cervical
lymph nodes.

Symmetrical chest expansion, no

retractions, clear breath sounds.
 Adynamic precordium, apex beat at the 5th
LICS MCL, normal rate, regular rhythm, no
murmurs appreciated.

Flat, with normoactive bowel sounds, and

is not tender.
 Female Nonasthmatic
28 years old No allergies
Married No weight loss
Frequent urination No previous
No alcohol hopitalizations
Non-smoking Not in cardiorespiratory
Nonhypertensive distress
Afebrile No other significant PE
findings
Nondiabetic
Pituitary Nephrogenic
Diabetes Diabetes Pregnancy
Insipidus Insipidus
 Urination of >7x/day or every 2 hours or less
interval of urination.
Possible causes:
Tea, coffee, and alcohol
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes insipidus
Increased fluid intake
UTI
etc.
 Complete absence of urine formation (<50mL)
Possible causes:
Total urinary tract obstruction
Total renal artery or vein occlusion
Shock(manifested by severe hypotension and intense
renal vasoconstriction)
Cortical necrosis
ATN (Acute Tubular Necrosis)
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis can
occasionally cause anuria.
 Excessive thirst that is relatively prolonged.
Possible causes:
Diabetes
Change in osmolality of the ECF of the body
Hypokalemia
Decreased blood volume (as occurs during major
hemorrhage)
Increased urination
Atropine of belladona poisoning
Other conditions that create a water deficit
 Excessive eating or insatiable appetite.

A 24-h urine output of <500 mL.

Possible causes:
Acute renal failure
 Urination of more than 3 liters per day.
Polyuria results from two potential mechanisms:
Excretion of nonabsorbable solutes (such as glucose)
Excretion of water (usually from a defect in ADH
production or renal responsiveness).
 Urinary frequency at night, sometimes defined as
awakening the patient more than once; urine volumes
may be large or small.
Possible causes:
Chronic renal insufficiency
Habit, esp. involoving alcohol and coffee (exessive fluid intake
before bedtime)
Congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, hepatic cirrhosis
with ascites, chronic venous insufficiency
Insomnia (voiding while up at night without a real urge, or a
pseudo-frequency)