TOKSIKOLOGI

Pendahuluan :
Definisi, Sejarah, makna, arti
penting dan ruang lingkup
toksikologi
 Definisi
Toksikologi Ilmu yang mempelajari
hal ikhwal racun/ xenobiotika
terutama pengaruhnya pada mahluk
hidup.
 Toxicology
What is toxicology? The study of the effects of poisons.
Poisonous substances are produced by plants, animals, or
bacteria.
Phytotoxins
Zootoxins
Bacteriotoxins

Toxicant - the specific poisonous chemical.

Xenobiotic - man-made substance and/or produced by but not
normally found in the body.
 Introduction to Xenobiotics
*Recall: Foreign chemicals are
synthesized within the body are
termed xenobiotics (Gr.Xenos
meaning strange)*

Xenobiotics may be naturally

occurring chemicals produced by
plants, microorganisms, or animals
(including humans).

Xenobiotics may also be synthetic chemicals produced by

humans.

Poisons are xenobiotics, but not all xenobiotics are poisonous.

 You Know ?
92% of all poisonings happen at home.

Produk rumah tangga yang terlibat terlibat dalam

kebanyakan keracunan adalah: larutan pembersih,
bahan bakar, obat-obatan, dan bahan lainnya seperti
lem dan kosmetik.
Hewan tertentu mengeluarkan racun xenobiotik yang
disebut racun, biasanya disuntik dengan gigitan atau
sengatan, dan hewan lainnya mengandung bakteri
menular.

Beberapa tanaman rumah tangga beracun bagi manusia

dan hewan.
 History
2700 B.C. - Chinese journals: plant and
fish poisons

1900-1200 B.C. - Egyptian documents

that had directions for collection,
preparation, and administration of
more than 800 medicinal and poisonous recipes.

800 B.C. - India - Hindu medicine includes

notes on poisons and antidotes.

50-100 A.D. - Greek physicians classified over

600 plant, animal, and mineral poisons.
 History
50- 400 A.D. - Romans used poisons for
executions and assassinations.

The philosopher, Socrates, was executed

using hemlock for teaching radical
ideas to youths.

Avicenna (A.D. 980-1036) Islamic authority on

poisons and antidotes.

1200 A.D. - Spanish rabbi Maimonides writes

first-aid book for poisonings,
Poisons and Their Antidotes
 History
Swiss physician Paracelsus (1493-
1541) credited with being
the father of modern toxicology.

All substances are poisons: there is

none which is not a poison. The
right dose differentiates a poison
from a remedy.
Semua zat adalah racun: tidak ada yang bukan racun.
Dosis yang tepat membedakan racun dari obat. "
 Dalil-dalil yang dikemukakan
Paracelcus :
Percobaan pada hewan merupakan cara yang paling baik
dalam mempelajari respon tubuh terhadap racun.
Efek suatu bahan ( kimia atau alami) pada tubuh dapat
merupakan efek terapeutik yang berguna dan efek toksik
yang merugikan. Kedua macam efek itu timbul karena
adanya perbedaan dosis.
 The Dose Makes the Poison

Bahan kimia nontoksik yang

tampaknya tidak beracun bisa
menjadi racun pada dosis tinggi.
Bahan kimia yang sangat beracun
bisa menghemat kehidupan bila
diberikan dalam dosis yang
sesuai.
 Exposure Concepts

Different toxic responses may arise from

different:

Routes of exposure.

Frequencies of exposure.

Duration of exposure (acute vs. chronic).

Routes of Environmental
Exposure

Ingestion (water and food)

Absorption (through skin)
Injection (bite, puncture, or cut)
Inhalation (air)
Duration & Frequency of Exposure
Duration and frequency are also important
components of exposure and contribute to dose.

Acute exposure - less than 24 hours; usually entails a

single exposure

Repeated exposures are classified as:

Subacute - repeated for up to 30 days
Subchronic - repeated for 30-90 days
Chronic -repeated for over 90 days
 Exposure Concepts
Exposure to chemicals may come from many sources:

Environmental (lingkungan)
Occupational (pekerjaan)
Therapeutic (pengobatan)
Dietary (diet)
Accidental (kebetulan)
Deliberate (disengaja)
 Types of Toxic Effects
Death - arsenic, cyanide

Organ Damage - ozone, lead

Mutagenesis - UV light

Carcinogenesis - benzene, asbestos

Teratogenesis - thalidomide
Target Organ Toxicity

Central Nervous System lead

Immune System - isocyanates
Liver - ethanol, acetaminophen
Respiratory Tract - tobacco smoke,
asbestos, ozone
Eye - UV light (sunlight)
Kidney - metals
Skin - UV light, gold, nickel
Reproductive System
dibromochloropropane
 RUANG LINGKUP
TOKSKOLOGI
Toksikologi Klinik
Toksikologi Lingkungan
Toksikologi Industri
Toksikologi Forensik
Toksikologi kehakiman
Dll.