EE 448

University of Southern California

Department of Electrical Engineering

Dr. Edward W. Maby

Class #1 11 January 2005

0
 Course Personnel

Dr. Edward W. Maby (Instructor)

maby@usc.edu 740-4706
Office Hours: MW 1:00 - 2:00 PHE 626

Clint Colby
ccolby@usc.edu
Tyler Rather
rather@usc.edu

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 1

 Grading Policy

Midterm 1 25% 17 February

Midterm 2 25% 24 March
Homework 15%
Final Exam 35% 10 May

No Make-Up Exams
Homework Conditions Borderline Grades
Same Curve for Graduate Students

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 2

 Course Objectives

Circuit Concepts for RF Systems

Transmission Lines, Impedance Matching
Noise and Distortion Analysis

Filter Design

RF System Components
Low-Noise Amplifiers, Power Amplifiers
Mixers and Oscillators

Elementary Transmitter/Receiver Architectures

and Their Board-Level Implementation

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 3

 Why RF ?
Ever-Growing Wireless Applications
Personal Communication Systems
Satellite Systems

Global Positioning Systems

Wireless Local-Area Networks

Strong Demand for Wireless Engineers

Digital is HOT
Analog is COOL

RF Design is an ART

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 4

 Emphasis ???

Designing RF Integrated Circuits

Some Engineers

Designing With RF Integrated Circuits

More Engineers

Difficult to Satisfy Both Objectives

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 5

 EE 448 Textbooks
The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits
Thomas H. Lee (required)
Planar Microwave Engineering: A Practical Guide to Theory
Measurements and Circuits
Thomas H. Lee
Radio Frequency Circuit Design
W. Alan Davis and Krishna K. Agarwal
Advanced RF Engineering for Wireless Systems and Networks
Arshad Hussain
Microwave and RF Design of Wireless Systems
David M. Pozar
High-Frequency Techniques
Joseph F. White

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 6

 Some Good Advice

Read the Syllabus

Come to Class
(Come to Class Early)
Do the Homework
(But Not One Hour Before a Deadline)
(And Dont Give Up Easily)
Enjoy the Course !

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 7

 Basic Radio Systems
Data In Power
Bandpass
Modulator IF Filter Amplifier
Mixer Filter

Transmitter Local
Oscillator IF
Bandpass Low-Noise Amplifier
Filter Amplifier IF Filter Demodulator
Mixer
X

Receiver Local Data Out

Oscillator
University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 8
 Connecting the Boxes

Antenna RF Link Between Transmitter

and Receiver
(Marginal Issue for EE 448)
Transmission-Line Connections Between
Internal Transmitter/Receiver Components
l = Velocity / Frequency
Circuit Dimensions Comparable to l at High
Frequencies (>> 1 GHz)
Distributed Circuit Behavior

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 9

 Transmission-Line Model

Two Wires with Uniform Cross Section

L (inductance), C (capacitance) per unit length
Transverse Electromagnetic Fields
Quasi-Static Solutions
L = L (m, xy geometry), C = C (e, xy geometry),
LC=me
R (resistance), G (conductance) per unit length
(Consider Physical Mechanisms Later)
University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 10
 Telegraphers Equations
(Heaviside, 1880)

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 11

 Power Implications

Dissipated Change in Stored

Power Linear Energy Density

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 12

 Time-Domain Solutions
(No Loss)
Wave Equation

Forward Wave

Reverse Wave

Velocity

No Wave Dispersion (Corruption) During Propagation

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 13

 Frequency Domain
v and i have Time Dependence

(Similar equation for i)

Propagation Constant

R and G may be w dependent

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 14

 Freq.-Domain Solutions

Forward Reverse

(V+ and V- are Fourier Amplitudes)

Similar form for i (z,t); however,

Characteristic
Line Impedance

(Zo Follows Directly from Transmission-Line Model)

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 15
 Low-Loss Propagation
Assume (OK to 10 GHz)

For Line Length l,

Attenuation in dB

Attenuation in nepers

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 16

 Velocities and Wavelength

Fixed Phase Angle

Phase Velocity:

w Independent No Dispersion

Group Velocity:

(Applies to Modulated Signal)

Wavelength:

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 17

 Historical Remarks
(Transatlantic Cable)
First Telegraphers Equations: (No L or G)
Prof. William Thomson (Later Lord Kelvin) 1854

Diffusion
Equation

(Applies to Most Ordinary IC Interconnects)

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 18

 Diffusion Solutions
Unit-Step Input:

For line length l, imax at

Pulse Input:

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 19

 Diffusion Velocity
Sinusoidal Input:

Velocity

Dispersion, High-Frequency Attenuation

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 20

 Did Engineers Care?
Dr. Edward Orange Wildman Whitehouse M.D.
Chief Electrician, Atlantic Telegraph Company, 1856

On Thomsons Results

In all honesty, I am bound to answer, that I believe nature

knows no such application of that law; and I can only regard
it as a fiction of the schools, a forced and violent adaptation
of a principle in Physics, good and true under other circum-
stances, but misapplied here. Nahin, p. 34

First Transatlantic Cable (1858)

Whitehouse: Long Cable Requires Large-Voltage Input
2000-V Stroke of Lightning per Pulse (Obviously)
University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 21
 What Happened Next?

Queen Victoria and James Buchanan Exchange Messages

Great Celebration, Public Pleased
Cable Insulation Fails, Cable Dead, Public Angry
Boston Headline: Was the Atlantic Cable a Humbug?
Investor: Was Cyrus Field an Inside Trader?
Further Experiments: High Voltage Not Necessary

Whitehouse Fired
Second Transatlantic Cable Successful (1866)

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 22

 Minimal Dispersion ?
Telegraph Lines Make Poor Telephone Lines
(Bell Fails to Propagate Voice Over Atlantic Cable - 1877)
?

Heaviside (1887)

Increase L by Adding Series Loading Coils at l/4 Intervals

Improve Audio Bandwidth, But Suppress High Frequencies
H88 Standard (88 mH at 6000-foot Intervals) Bad for DSL
University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 23
 Dispersion - Skin Effect

Skin Depth

Real Part: Amplitude Distortion

Imaginary Part: Phase Distortion

Rise Time

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 Dispersion - Dielectric Loss
General Relation for Capacitance:

Dielectric Constant Has Real and Imaginary Parts

(Loss Tangent)

Loss
Dielectric Loss Overtakes Skin-Depth Loss (f >> 1 GHz)

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 25

 Digital Digression
Dispersion Promotes Inter-Symbol Interference

Equalization at Receiver
Correct for Group Delay
Correct for Amplitude Distortion

Difficult for Very-High Data Rates

Pre-Emphasis (Pre-Distortion) at Transmitter

Increase Pulse Amplitude After Transition
MAX3292 (for RS-485)

See Widmer et al. (IBM)

IEEE JSSC 31, 2004 (1996)

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 26

 Why 50 Ohms? (Lee, pp. 229-231)

Consider Coaxial Cable With Inner and Outer Diameters a and b

Maximum Deliverable Power:

Zo = 30 W

Minimum Attenuation:

Zo = 77 W
(75 W - Cable TV)

Compromise: Zo = 50 W

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 27

 Microstrip Lines
w

e Substrate h

Important Substrate Properties

Relative Dielectric Constant
Loss Tangent
Thermal Conductivity
Dielectric Strength
Numerous Design Equations for Zo and Effective e
See Davis and Agarwal, pp. 71-74; Chang, pp. 43-49
Calculator: http://mcalc.sourceforge.net/#calc
University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 28
 Design Formulas

Define

Then

Assumes Narrow Lines

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 29

 References (Other than course texts)

Richard B. Adler, Lan Jen Chu, and Robert M. Fano,

Electromagnetic Energy Transmission and Radiation (1960)
Paul J. Nahin, Oliver Heaviside: The Life, Work, and Times
of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age (1988)
Henry M. Field, History of the Atlantic Telegraph (1866)
Kai Chang, RF and Microwave Wireless Systems (2000)
Richard E. Matick, Transmission Lines for Digital and
Communication Networks (1969)

University of Southern California - EE 448 - Class #1Slide # 30