MICROWAVE LINK

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
Communications is the process of sending and/or
receiving data, signal or information through the
help of the different media.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

Wired Communication

Wireless Communication
MICROWAVE LINK DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
In putting up microwave links, the different
considerations are made:

Site Selection
Equipment selection

Tower Selection

Power Equipment

Lightning Protection
SITE SELECTION
In locating the sites, the following factors should
be considered:
Terrain mapping for possible obstructions;
Geographical location, for possible line-of-sight path
obstruction;
Adequate source of power and water;
Population on each site and;
Be in the vicinity of any popular landmark or a City
in the region.
The proponents also considered the topographic map
of every province covered by Region 3 for
establishment of each site.
EQUIPMENT SELECTION
Microwave Antenna

The microwave antenna that is to be chosen:

Must have high antenna gain;

And must not be too heavy and large for easy
mounting in the tower.
EQUIPMENT SELECTION
microwave radio that is to be chosen must have:

A frequency at which the links is to be operated;

low receiver sensitivity value;
High transmitted output power;
An indoor and outdoor unit installation for
eliminating the use of waveguides for transmission;
And must be a user-friendly interface for simple
maintenance management.
EQUIPMENT SELECTION

Automatic Transfer Switch

The ATS must have the ability to be switched on and
off to different sources that is the main power source
and the backup source.
Air Conditioning Unit
The site must contain an air conditioning unit for
proper cooling and must accommodate the whole
room to maintain the proper temperature in which all
the equipments are stored so that overheating and
malfunctioning of the equipments is prevented.
TOWER SELECTION
The tower used must possess the following:
The capability of the tower to hold loads such as
antennas and cables prior to construction;
The type of soil wherein the tower is raised must also
be considered for any ground movement to prevent
the tower from swaying;
The height of the tower must be enough in order to
avoid obstructions;
The anticipated wind loading was identified under
harsh condition and additional loading.
POWER EQUIPMENT
A stand by power equipment should be
provided for possible power interruptions at the
microwave site to maintain operation.

Generator

Uninterruptible Power Supply

LIGHTNING PROTECTION
The lightning protection that will be used must
contain the appropriate conductive paths for
lightning currents and be able to disperse
atmospheric discharge in order to prevent surge
current to enter the equipments and sustain
safety in the facility.
GROUNDING PROTECTION
The grounding equipment must be installed at
every equipment inside the facility and must be
coordinated with the lightning protection in order
to prevent abrupt surge entering to the
equipments thus making the equipments safe.
OBSTRUCTION LIGHTING

21 feet 120 feet:

Use 2 obstruction lights;
151feet 300 feet:
Use 2 obstruction lights at one-half way level of the
tower & a beacon light at the top of the tower;
301 feet 405 feet
Use 2 obstruction lights at 2/3 way level and a beacon
at the top;
405 feet and above
Use various light combinations stated.
SAMPLE DESIGN
The following are the objectives of the design:

To construct a feasible microwave link between:

Bamban, Hermosa, Bataan (Site 1) and Pulung Bulu,
Angeles City, Pampanga(Site 2) with the frequency of
5Ghz;

To achieve an overall system reliability of

99.999999%;
 PATH PROFILE

180

Site 1
160

140

120
Elevation

100
Site 2
80

60

40

20

0
0

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

40
Distance
FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT
 GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE CALCULATION

The formula in getting the Great Circle Distance is as follows:

A = |LONGITUDE 2 - LONGITUDE 1|
b = 90 - LATITUDE 1
c = 90 - LATITUDE 2
cos a = (cos b) (cos c) + (sin b) (sin c) (cos A)

Conversion factor: 1 = 60 nautical mile

1 nautical mile = 1.151 statute mile
1 statute mile = 1.609 kilometre
COMPUTATIONS:
Known Data
Site Longitude Latitude
A. Bamban, Hermosa, 1202528.33 144831.96
Bataan
B. Pulung Bulu,
Angeles City, 1203612.07 1581.95

Pampanga
COMPUTATIONS:
ANTENNA ORIENTATION CALCULATION

Where:
C = difference of the longitudinal coordinates of the sites in a hop
X = the computed coordinate of the first site
Y = the computed coordinate of the second site
ANTENNA ORIENTATION CALCULATION
ANTENNA ORIENTATION CALCULATION
ANTENNA HEIGHT CALCULATION
ANTENNA HEIGHT CALCULATION
FRESNEL ZONE SHOWING ANTENNA
HEIGHTS OF THE LINK
TRANSMISSION CALCULATION

The calculation of the power dissipation at

certain points in the system wherein we can
determine at what level of the signal will be
received by the receiver part of the microwave
link. The points are as follows:

PT = P 1
P2 = PT TLLTX
P3 = P2 + AGTX
P4 = P3 FSL
P5 = P4 + AGRX
P6 = P5 TLLRX = RSL
TRANSMISSION CALCULATION
TRANSMISSION CALCULATION
LINK BUDGET OF HOP
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 -10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
 RELIABILITY CALCULATIONS

Where: = expected outage time

= the percent of time that the system is expected to operate
without an outage.
RELIABILITY CALCULATIONS
RELIABILITY CALCULATIONS
RELIABILITY CALCULATIONS
Reliability using Vigants and Barnette
Method
RELIABILITY CALCULATIONS
REFLECTION POINT CALCULATION

The formulas for getting the reflection point are:

REFLECTION POINT CALCULATION
REFLECTION POINT CALCULATION
REFLECTION POINT OF HOP 1