COMPUTER APPLICATION FOR BUSINESS

UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI
COLLEGE OF COMMERCE
ADVANCED DATABASE SYSTEMS

DATA, INFORMATION AND

KNOWLEDGE
Azhi A. Faraj
 Data Information Knowledge
2
 Concepts
3

Data The raw values or collection of unprocessed values.

Characters like alphabets (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9) or special

characters (+,-,/,*,<.>,=, etc.).

Information Data that has been organized, processed and

presented by someone.

Because data is a meaningless static value, data needs to be

turned into meaningful information and presented in its most
useful format.
 Concepts
4

Knowledge facts, information, and skills acquired through

training, experience or education; the theoretical or practical
understanding of a subject.

Knowledge = Information read or seen, and understood

Experts Examples include doctors, managers, librarians,

scientists..
 Input, Process, Output
5
Feedback

Raw Data Information

Input entering data into the computer. Data, as it does not have context
at this stage.
Process manipulating the data into information in a form
understandable to the user
Output Presenting the data to the user in a form the user can
understand, it must have context. It could be printed, displayed on screen.
Information is used to the decision-making.
 Data Information
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Data

Summarizing the data

Processing
Averaging the data

Selecting part of the data

Graphing the data

Adding context

Adding value

Information
 Database Structure
7
 Database (DB)
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Database is a collection of data organized in a manner that allows access,

retrieval, and use of that data.
Data is what you store in database.
Database is a collection of a logically related persistent data, designed to meet
the information needs of an organization.

Data is managed and organized inside a table.

A group of tables are managed and maintained inside a database.

A database or a group of database are managed inside RDBMS.

Consequently, Database that is inside RDBMS, is responsible

to organize, process and present data into information.

Information is what you retrieve from a database.

The Hierarchy of Data

Data is organized in layers

Table, records, fields, characters

The Hierarchy of Data

A Table is a collection of related data held in a structured format

within a database. Each table consists of fields (columns),
and rows.

A field is a combination of one or more related characters (data).

Any field must have Field name, Field size, Data type

A record is a group of related fields

A primary key uniquely identifies each record
 Data Quality (DQ)
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Data quality is a perception or an assessment of datas fitness to serve its purpose in a given context. It
means data without any spelling mistakes, wrong value, doublings, and null.

Data quality is affected by the way data is entered, stored and managed.

Dirty data is inaccurate, incomplete or erroneous data, especially in a computer system or database.
Several reasons makes data dirty in database:

1. Inconsistent data: the addresses and Zip codes of customers.

2. Missing data: customer phone number.

3. Typing mistake: computer instead computer.

4. Wrong value: for example, 2/24/2010

5. Repetition data: the information about a customer is saved several times.

6. Null value: too many null value

 Data Integrity
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Integrity: Enforcing data integrity ensures the quality of the data in the database.

1. Entity Integrity means that a primary key of an entity, can never take a null value and duplicate
value.

2. Domain integrity means the set of all unique values permitted for an attribute. You define (data
type, length or size, is null value allowed). It is better to use define format or check constraint for
some attribute such as (Age>=18 && Age<=60) or day/month/year).

3. Referential integrity means that to manage the relationships between primary and foreign keys.
There are two foreign key integrity constraints: cascade update related fields and cascade delete
related rows.
 Types of Database Systems
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Local Databases
Centralized Database
Client/Server Databases
Distributed Databases
 Types of Database Systems
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Local Databases
 Types of Database Systems
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Centralized Database

Central
Computer
 Types of Database Systems
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Client
Client Server Database

Client Network/
Internet
Database
Server
Client
 Types of Database Systems
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Distributed Database
Location B
Location C

computer
computer

computer

Location A