Chapter 1 Introduction To Chemistry, Atoms and Elements

Chapter 1 :
Introduction to Chemistry,
Atoms and Elements
Contents
Demonstration : Enlightenment from Flashlight
1.1 The Study of Chemistry
1.2 Classification of Matter
1.3 Properties of Matter
1.4 Structure of Atom
1.5 Ions
1.6 Electrical properties of solutions
Demonstration : Enlightenment from Flashlight
What is Chemistry?
Boring.
Difficult
The object of my hatred.
Or..bla..bla..bla..
Chemistry can be defined as:

The scientific study of matter and its transformations
Chemistry in Everyday Life. Although most people do not recognize it, chemistry and
chemical compounds are crucial ingredients in almost everything we eat, wear, and use
Scientific studies are conducted using the

scientific method
The scientific method has three key steps:
1. Perform experiments and record observations on

system.
2. Analyze the data and propose hypothesis to explain

observations.
3. Conduct additional experiments to test our hypothesis.

If initial hypothesis does not hold up to extensive testing it

is revised and additional experiments are carried out.
If initial hypothesis holds up to extensive testing it

becomes a theory.
A theory can be defined as:

a model that explains the behavior of nature
The scientific study of matter and its

transformations
What is Matter?
The physical material of the universe.
Anything that occupies space and has

mass
the quantity that describes the

Mass amount of matter in an object
The mass of an object is constant at every place in the

universe.
Generally reported in grams, kilograms, or milligrams.
Mass is measured using a balance
describes the force of

Weight gravity acting on object
Weight varies with location

Distinct states of matter:

Solids
(relatively rigid and have fixed
shapes and volumes)
Liquids
(have fixed volumes but flow to
assume the shape of their
containers)
Gases
(have neither fixed shapes nor
fixed volumes and expand to
completely fill their containers)
Matter can often change from one physical state to

another in a process called a physical change
Pure Substances and Mixtures
Relationships between the Types of Matter and the

Methods Used to Separate Mixtures
What is an element?
All substances are made of very tiny particles called atoms.
There are about one hundred substances that are made up of just
one type of atom. These are the elements.
carbon
helium
copper
The elements are the simplest substances in the universe.

The elements are the building blocks of all other substances.
Atoms in elements
An element is a substance made up of only one type of atom.
Copper is an Carbon is an Helium is an

element made up of element made up of element made up of
copper atoms only. carbon atoms only. helium atoms only.
Exercise :
Identify each substance as a compound, an element, a
heterogeneous mixture, or a homogeneous mixture
(solution).
homogeneous mixture
a. filtered tea
b. freshly squeezed orange juice heterogeneous mixture
c. a compact disc heterogeneous mixture
d. aluminum oxide, a white powder that contains a 2:3

ratio of aluminum and oxygen atoms Pure compound
e. selenium Element
Exercise :
Identify each substance as a compound, an element, a
heterogeneous mixture, or a homogeneous mixture
(solution)
solution
a) white wine
b) Mercury Element
c) ranch-style salad dressing heterogeneous mixture
d) table sugar (sucrose) compound

Determining physical
properties does not consume
or destroy the sample.
properties of matter
those that can be observed or

measured without changing or
Physical trying to change the
composition of the sample
describe what happens when

attempts are made to change
Chemical matter into other kinds of
matter
those that result in a change

in the composition of the
sample
Physical Change
Examples :
Changes of state (changes from a solid to a liquid or a
gas and vice versa)
Separation of a mixture (filtration, crystallization,
distillation)
Physical deformation (cutting, denting, stretching)
Making solutions (special kinds of mixtures)
Physical Change
Ice Melting is a physical change.
When liquid water (H2O) freezes into a solid state (ice), it appears
changed; However, this change is only physical as the composition of the
constituent molecules is the same: 11.19% hydrogen and 88.81%
oxygen by mass
Physical change (Ex : Distillation)
The Distillation of a Solution of Table Salt in Water. The solution of salt in water is
heated in the distilling flask until it boils. The resulting vapor is enriched in the
more volatile component (water), which condenses to a liquid in the cold
condenser and is then collected in the receiving flask
Physical change (Ex : crystallization)
The Crystallization of Sodium Acetate from a Concentrated Solution of
Sodium Acetate in Water. The addition of a small seed crystal (a)
causes the compound to form white crystals, which grow and eventually
occupy most of the flask.
Chemical Change
Examples :
Combustion (burning paper)
Corrosion
Decomposition (Electrolysis)
Chemical change (Ex : Electrolysis)
The Decomposition of Water to Hydrogen and Oxygen by Electrolysis.
Water is a chemical compound; hydrogen and oxygen are elements.
Elements are pure substances made up of identical

atoms.
There are 115 known kinds of atoms. Each has its own
symbol.
The first character in an atoms symbol is an uppercase

letter.
Most atoms have a second character in their symbol which

is always a lowercase letter.
The symbol and

names for the
known atoms are
given in Table 2.1.
Symbols in the periodic table
John Dalton developed the first modern atomic
theory in 1808.
There were five main points to his theory:
1. All matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms.

2. All atoms of a specific type, or element, are identical to all
other atoms of that element.
3. All compounds are combinations of atoms of two or more
elements.
4. Every molecule of a specific compound always contains the
same ratio of each kind of atom found in that element.
5. In chemical reactions atoms are rearranged, separated or
combined but never destroyed.
Daltons theory was enormously successful and

remains in use
Atoms according to Daltons atomic theory

What are the particles atoms made of?
Atoms are composed of subatomic particles most of which

exist outside the stable structure of atoms for very short
periods of time.
Three subatomic particles are of interest to chemists:
1. proton (p)
2. neutron (n)
3. electron (e- )
Atoms have a dense heavy, positively charged

nucleus containing the neutrons and protons
Outside the nucleus are the small, negatively

charged electrons
The electrons move rapidly around the nucleus.
Most of an atom is empty space. If the nucleus was the

size of a pea the closest electrons would be about 240
feet away
Atoms have no overall charge so contain the same
number of protons (+) as electrons (-).
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called

the atomic number. It is given the symbol Z.
All atoms of a given type or element have the same

atomic number (Z).
The periodic table arranges atoms in order of atomic

number.
Neutrons have no electrical charge. For a given atom
type the number of neutrons may vary.
The sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an

atom is called the mass number. It is given the symbol A.
Atoms with the same number of protons but different

numbers of neutrons in their nucleus are called isotopes.
We can distinguish isotopes with the following notation:
As all atoms with a given symbol have the same atomic

number sometimes we skip writing Z.
What happens when we combine atoms?
When two or more different types of atoms combine

compounds are formed.
In a compound formula we write the symbol for each

atom type present in the compound.
If more than one atom of a given type a subscript is

used to indicate the number.
e.g. NH3 H2O SO2 CH4

1.5 Ions
Ions are substances that have either a positive or
negative charge
Ions come in two flavors
cations
have a positive (+) charge of one or greater
are generally derived from either metal elements or groups of elements
from which one or more electrons have been removed
cations (monotomic) are always smaller that the element from which
they are derived
anions
have a negative (-) charge of one or greater
are generally derived from either non-metal elements or groups of
elements to which one or more electrons have been added
anions (monotomic) are always larger than the element from which they
are derived
1.5 Ions
monotomic ions are derived from single elements
examples:
Na Na+ + 1e- (e- is lost)
Ca Ca2+ + 2e- (e- 's are lost)
Cl + 1e- Cl- (e- is gained)

O + 2e- O2- (e- 's are gained)
1.5 Ions
1.6 Electrical Properties of solutions
Adding Substances to Water
When substances dissolve in water, the basic particles

from which they are made (molecules in molecular
substances and ions in ionic substances) are separated
by the water molecules.
They undergo either a physical or a chemical change that

yields ions in solution.
These substances constitute an important class of

compounds called electrolytes.
The basic or smallest particle of a molecular

substance is a molecule, and molecules are always
"neutral", hence, when molecular substances
Molecular dissolve, there are only neutral particles present.
Because there are no charged particles in solution to
substance be attracted to a charged electrode, molecular
substances are non-conductors when dissolved in
water
The basic or smallest particle of an ionic substance is

an ion, and ions are charged particles, hence, when
ionic substances dissolve, there are individual
Ionic charged particles (both positive and negative) in the
solution.
substances Because there are both types of charged particles in
the solution which can be attracted to either a
positive or a negative electrode, ionic substances
are conductors when dissolved in water.
1. Most salts are strong electrolytes (ionic compounds)

2. Most acids are weak electrolytes
(Exception : the strong acids)
3. The common strong bases are the hydroxides of the
alkali metals & the heavy alkaline metals. Ammonia
(NH3) is a weak base
4. Most other substances are nonelectrolytes. (Molecular
compounds)
Glossary
Elements
Pure substances made up of identical atoms
Atoms
are elements, they are simply the smallest particle of an element that can be identified as
that element
Molecule
is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically
Compound
a molecule that contains at least two different elements

All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds
Ion
Atom or group of atoms that carries an electrical charge
Electrolyte
substance that produces ions when dissolved in water

Chapter 1 Introduction To Chemistry, Atoms and Elements

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Chapter 1 :

Chemistry can be defined as:

Scientific studies are conducted using the

The scientific method has three key steps:

1. Perform experiments and record observations on

2. Analyze the data and propose hypothesis to explain

3. Conduct additional experiments to test our hypothesis.

If initial hypothesis does not hold up to extensive testing it

If initial hypothesis holds up to extensive testing it

A theory can be defined as:

The scientific study of matter and its

The physical material of the universe.

Anything that occupies space and has

the quantity that describes the

The mass of an object is constant at every place in the

describes the force of

Weight varies with location

Distinct states of matter:

Matter can often change from one physical state to

Relationships between the Types of Matter and the

The elements are the simplest substances in the universe.

Copper is an Carbon is an Helium is an

c. a compact disc heterogeneous mixture

d. aluminum oxide, a white powder that contains a 2:3

c) ranch-style salad dressing heterogeneous mixture

d) table sugar (sucrose) compound

those that can be observed or

describe what happens when

those that result in a change

Elements are pure substances made up of identical

The first character in an atoms symbol is an uppercase

Most atoms have a second character in their symbol which

The symbol and

1. All matter is made of tiny indivisible particles called atoms.

Daltons theory was enormously successful and

Atoms according to Daltons atomic theory

Atoms are composed of subatomic particles most of which

Three subatomic particles are of interest to chemists:

Atoms have a dense heavy, positively charged

Outside the nucleus are the small, negatively

Most of an atom is empty space. If the nucleus was the

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called

All atoms of a given type or element have the same

The periodic table arranges atoms in order of atomic

The sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an

Atoms with the same number of protons but different

As all atoms with a given symbol have the same atomic

What happens when we combine atoms?

When two or more different types of atoms combine

In a compound formula we write the symbol for each

If more than one atom of a given type a subscript is

e.g. NH3 H2O SO2 CH4

Cl + 1e- Cl- (e- is gained)

When substances dissolve in water, the basic particles

They undergo either a physical or a chemical change that

These substances constitute an important class of

The basic or smallest particle of a molecular

The basic or smallest particle of an ionic substance is

1. Most salts are strong electrolytes (ionic compounds)

Pure substances made up of identical atoms

is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically

a molecule that contains at least two different elements

Atom or group of atoms that carries an electrical charge