Centripetal Acceleration (Percepatan Sentripetal)

Physics 211: Lecture 4
Today’s Agenda
 Recap of centripetal acceleration

 Newton’s 3 laws (these describe all of classical mechanics!)
 How and why do objects move?

 Dynamics
 http://www.devilducky.com/media/36846/
Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 1

Describing motion – so far…
 Linear motion with const accel x(t) = x0 + v0 + ½ a t
^
^
 More complicated linear motion integrate a(t) to get v(t)
integrate v(t) to get x(t)
 Uniform circular motion also described by acceleration

 Mag. |a| = v2 / R =  R
 Direction: - r (toward center of circle) v=R
 2 R a
 d r
remember a  2
dt 

What about higher order derivatives??
 If linear motion and circular motion are uniquely determined by
acceleration, do we ever need higher derivatives?
 da d 3 r
J  3 Known as the “Jerk”
dt dt
 Certainly acceleration changes, so does that mean we need to find

some “action” that controls the third or higher time derivatives of
position?
 NO.

Dynamics
 Isaac Newton (1643 - 1727) published Principia Mathematica
in 1687. In this work, he proposed three “laws” of motion:
 principia
Law 1: An object subject to no external forces is at rest or moves

with a constant velocity if viewed from an inertial reference
frame.
Law 2: For any object, FNET = F = ma (not mv!)
Law 3: Forces occur in pairs: FA ,B = - FB ,A

(For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.)
These are the postulates of mechanics
They are experimentally, not mathematically, justified.
They work, and DEFINE what we mean by “forces”.
1. Dishes
Newton’s First Law 2. Monkey
 An object subject to no external forces is at rest or moves

with a constant velocity if viewed from an inertial reference
frame.
frame
 If no forces act, there is no acceleration.
 The following statements can be thought of as the

definition of inertial reference frames.
 An IRF is a reference frame that is not accelerating (or
rotating) with respect to the “fixed stars”.
 If one IRF exists, infinitely many exist since they are
related by any arbitrary constant velocity vector!
 If you can eliminate all forces, then an IRF is a
reference frame in which a mass moves with a constant
velocity. (alternative definition of IRF)

Ice
Is Urbana a good IRF? puck
 Is Urbana accelerating?
 YES!
 Urb ana is on the Earth .
 The Earth is rotating.
 Wh at is th e centripetal accele ra tion of Urban a?

 T = 1 day = 8.64 x 1 0 4 sec,
 R ~ R E = 6.4 x 10 6 me ters .
 Plu g this in: aU = .034 m/s 2 ( ~ 1/300 g)

 Clo se e nough to 0 that we will ig nore it.
 Urb ana is a pretty good IRF.
2
v2 2  2 
aU   R  R
R T 

Newton’s Second Law
 For any object, FNET = F = ma.
 The acceleration a of an object is proportional to the
net force FNET acting on it.
 The constant of proportionality is called “mass”, denoted m.
» This is the definition of mass and force.
» The mass of an object is a constant property of that
object, and is independent of external influences.
» The force is the external influence
» The acceleration is a combination of these two things
 Force has units of [M]x[L / T2] = kg m/s2 = N (Newton)

Newton’s Second Law...
 What is a force?
 A Force is a push or a pull.
 A Force has magnitude & direction (vector).
 Adding forces is just adding force vectors.
a
a
F1 FNET = ma
F1 FNET
F2
F2

Newton’s Second Law...
 Components of F = ma :
FX = maX
FY = maY
FZ = maZ
 Suppose we know m and FX , we can solve for aX and apply

the things we learned about kinematics over the last few
lectures: (if the force is constant, then…)
1
x = x0 + v 0 x t + ax t 2
2
v x = v 0 x + ax t

Example: Pushing a Box on Ice.
 A skater is pushing a heavy box (mass m = 100 kg) across

a sheet of ice (horizontal & frictionless). He applies a force
of 50 N in the i direction. If the box starts at rest, what is its
speed v after being pushed a distance d = 10 m?
v=0
F
m a

Example: Pushing a Box on Ice.
 A skater is pushing a heavy box (mass m = 100 kg) across

a sheet of ice (horizontal & frictionless). He applies a force
of 50 N in the i direction. If the box starts at rest, what is its
speed v after being pushed a distance d = 10m ?
F
m a
i
d

Example: Pushing a Box on Ice...
 Start with F = ma.

 a = F / m.
 Recall that v2 - v02 = 2a(x - x0 ) (Lecture 1)
2 Fd
 So v2 = 2Fd / m v
m
F
m a
i
d

Example: Pushing a Box on Ice...
2 Fd
v
m
 Plug in F = 50 N, d = 10 m, m = 100 kg:

 Find v = 3.2 m/s.
F
m a
i
d

Lecture 4, Act 1
Force and acceleration
 A force F acting on a mass m1 results in an acceleration a1.
The same force acting on a different mass m2 results in an acceleration a2 = 2a1.
m1 m2
F a1 F a2 = 2a1
 If m1 and m2 are glued together and the same force F acts

on this combination, what is the resulting acceleration?
m1 m2
F a=?
(a) 2/3 a1 (b) 3/2 a1 (c) 3/4 a1

Lecture 4, Act 1
Force and acceleration Extinguisher
Cart
m1 m2
F a = F / (m1+ m2)
 Since a2 = 2a1 for the same applied force, m2 = (1/2)m1 !

 m1+ m2 = 3m1 /2
 So a = (2/3)F / m1 but F/m1 = a1
a = 2/3 a1
(a) 2/3 a1 (b) 3/2 a1 (c) 3/4 a1

Forces
 We will consider two kinds of forces:

 Contact force:
» This is the most familiar kind.
 I push on the desk.
 The ground pushes on the chair...
 A spring pulls or pushes on a mass
 A rocket engine provides some number of Newtons of
thrust (1 lb of thrust = mg = 2.205*9.81 = 21.62 Newtons)
 Action at a distance:
» Gravity
» Electricity

Contact forces:
 Objects in contact exert forces.
 Convention: Fa,b means

“the force acting on a due to b”.
 So Fhead,thumb means “the force on

the head due to the thumb”.
Fhead,thumb

Better examples of contact forces
 Normal force on an object in contact with a surface
 Tension in a line holding an object
 The force of a spring
 The skater pushing in the previous example
 Collision of two moving objects (e.g. billiard balls)
 More on these later in the course…

Action at a distance
 Gravity:

Gravitation
(Courtesy of Newton)
 Newton found that amoon / g = 0.000278
 and noticed that R E2 / R2 = 0.000273
 This inspired him to propose the

Universal Law of Gravitation: |F Mm |= GMm / R 2
Hey, I’m
in UCM!
amoon g
R RE
where G = 6.67 x 10 -11 m3 kg-1 s-2

And the force is attractive along a line between the 2 objects
Gravitation
(Courtesy of Newton)
amoon g
 This inspired him to propose the

Universal Law of Gravitation:
R |FMm |= GMm / R2
RE
where G = 6.67 x 10 -11 m3 kg-1 s-2
Check units: GM/R2 should have units of acceleration

m3 xkg =m
kg sec2 m2 sec2
Gravity...
 The magnitude of the gravitational force F12 exerted on an

object having mass m1 by another object having mass m2
a distance R12 away is:
m1 m2
F12  G 2
R12
 The direction of F12 is attractive, and lies along the line

connecting the centers of the masses.
m1 m2
F12 F21
R12

Gravity...
 The earth is almost a perfect sphere:
 Gravitational attraction is the same as if all the mass of the earth
were located at the center! -- this is Gauss’ Law for spherical masses
 Force from earth acting on an object near the surface
 R12 = RE + h
» Won’t change much if we stay near the Earth's surface.
» i.e. since RE >> h, RE + h ~ RE.
m
Fg ME m
h Fg  G
RE2
M
RE

Leaky Cup
Gravity...
ME m  ME 
Fg  G 2  m G 2 
 Near the Earth’s surface...
RE  RE 

=g
 So |Fg| = mg = ma
 a=g
All objects accelerate with

acceleration g, regardless of
their mass!
ME
Where: g  G  2
9 . 81 m / s
RE2

Example gravity problem:
 What is the force of gravity exerted by the earth on a

typical physics student?
 Typical student mass m = 55kg

 g = 9.8 m/s2.
 Fg = mg = (55 kg)x(9.8 m/s2 )
 Fg = 539 N
 The force that gravity exerts on any object is

Fg
called its Weight
W = 539 N

Lecture 4, Act 2
Force and acceleration
 Suppose you are standing on a bathroom scale in 141 Loomis and it says that your weight is W. What will the same scale say your weight is on the surface of the mysterious Planet X ?
 You are told that RX ~ 20 REarth and MX ~ 300 MEarth.
(a) 0.75 W
(b) 1.5 W
(c) 2.25 W
X
Lecture 4, Act 2
Solution
 The gravitational force on a person
of mass m by another object (for instance
a planet) having mass M is given by:
Mm
F G
R2
W X FX
 Ratio of weights = ratio of forces: 
WE FE
MX m
G 2
R X2 M R 
  X  E 
M m ME  RX 
G E2
RE
2
WX 1
 300     .75
WE  20 

Newton’s Third Law:
Newton’s
 Forces occur in pairs: FA ,B = - FB ,A.
Sailboard
For every “action” there is an equal and opposite “reaction”.
 We have already seen this in the case of gravity:
m1
m2
m1 m2
F12  G  F21
F12 F21 2
R12
R12

Newton's Third Law...
2 Skateboards
 FA ,B = - FB ,A. is true for contact forces as well:
Fm,w Fw,m
Ff,m
Fm,f

Example of Bad Thinking
 Since Fm,b = -Fb,m, why isn’t Fnet = 0 and a = 0 ?
x
Fm,b Fb,m
a ??
block
ice

Example of Good Thinking
 Consider only the box as the system!
 Fon box = ma
abox = Fb,m
 Free Body Diagram (next time).
x
Fm,b Fb,m
abox
block
ice

Add a wall that stops the motion of the block
 Now there are two forces acting in x-dir on block and they
cancel
 Fon box = mabox = Fb,m + Fb,w = 0
 Free Body Diagram (next time). y
abox
x
Fm,b Fb,m
Fb,w Fw,b
block
ice

Lecture 4, Act 3
Newton’s 3rd Law
 Two blocks are stacked on the ground. How many action-reaction
pairs of forces are present in this system?
(a) 2
a (b) 3
(c) 4
b
(d) 5

Lecture 4, Act 3
Solution:
a a a a
Fa,E Fb,a
b b Fa,b
b b
Fb,E Fg,b
Fb,g
FE,a FE,b
(c) 4

Lecture 4, Act 3
Solution:
contact gravity
very tiny
a a a Fa,b a a
Fa,E Fb,a
b b Fa,b
b Fb,a b b
Fb,E Fg,b
Fb,g
FE,a FE,b
(d) Ooops we forgot gravity

between a and b  5

Recap of today’s lecture
Extinguisher
Cart
 Newton’s 3 Laws: (Text: 4-1 to 4-6)
Law 1: An object subject to no external forces is at rest or

moves with a constant velocity if viewed from an inertial
reference frame. (Text: 4-1)
Law 2: For any object, FNET = F = ma (Text: 4-2 & 4-3)
Law 3: Forces occur in pairs: FA ,B = - FB ,A. (Text: 4-4 & 4-6)
 Look at Textbook problems Chapter 4: # 3, 5, 6, 8

Centripetal Acceleration (Percepatan Sentripetal)

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Physics 211: Lecture 4

 Recap of centripetal acceleration

 How and why do objects move?

Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 1

 Uniform circular motion also described by acceleration

Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 2

 Certainly acceleration changes, so does that mean we need to find

Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 3

Law 1: An object subject to no external forces is at rest or moves

Law 2: For any object, FNET = F = ma (not mv!)

Law 3: Forces occur in pairs: FA ,B = - FB ,A

 An object subject to no external forces is at rest or moves

 The following statements can be thought of as the

Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 6

 Wh at is th e centripetal accele ra tion of Urban a?

 Plu g this in: aU = .034 m/s 2 ( ~ 1/300 g)

Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 7

 Force has units of [M]x[L / T2] = kg m/s2 = N (Newton)

Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 8

Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 9

 Suppose we know m and FX , we can solve for aX and apply

Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 10

 A skater is pushing a heavy box (mass m = 100 kg) across

Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 11

 A skater is pushing a heavy box (mass m = 100 kg) across

Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 12

 Start with F = ma.

Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 13

 Plug in F = 50 N, d = 10 m, m = 100 kg:

Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 14

 If m1 and m2 are glued together and the same force F acts

(a) 2/3 a1 (b) 3/2 a1 (c) 3/4 a1

 Since a2 = 2a1 for the same applied force, m2 = (1/2)m1 !

 So a = (2/3)F / m1 but F/m1 = a1

(a) 2/3 a1 (b) 3/2 a1 (c) 3/4 a1

 We will consider two kinds of forces:

Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 17

 Objects in contact exert forces.

 Convention: Fa,b means

 So Fhead,thumb means “the force on

Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 18

 Normal force on an object in contact with a surface

 Tension in a line holding an object

 The force of a spring

 The skater pushing in the previous example

 Collision of two moving objects (e.g. billiard balls)

 More on these later in the course…

Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 19

Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 20

 This inspired him to propose the

where G = 6.67 x 10 -11 m3 kg-1 s-2

 This inspired him to propose the

where G = 6.67 x 10 -11 m3 kg-1 s-2

Check units: GM/R2 should have units of acceleration

 The magnitude of the gravitational force F12 exerted on an

 The direction of F12 is attractive, and lies along the line

Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 23

Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 24

All objects accelerate with

Physics 211: Lecture 4, Pg 25

 What is the force of gravity exerted by the earth on a

 Typical student mass m = 55kg

 The force that gravity exerts on any object is