DIRECT ANALYSIS

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Group Members:

Emrith Piyushaa Devi - 1413458

Mamode Ally Naheedah - 1413404
Jaffur Nausheen - 1413311
Pentiah Geetika - 1415982
Ramtohul Geshna - 1414196

Date: 27/09/17
OUTLINE
Introduction

Review of Existing Direct Analysis Studies in other Countries

Direct Analysis Approach

Waste Categories

Sampling and Measurement Methods

Data Analysis and Reporting

2
Introduction

Waste Generation and landfilled in Mauritius - An acute problem

3
Data source: CSO, 2015
Introduction

The paramount requirement of waste characterisation

Helps in planning recycling and composting programs by identifying

the amounts of recyclables and organic material

Helps in estimating waste transportation and separation costs using

estimates of total municipal waste volume and weight

Aids in sizing of WTE facilities based on the amount of wastes

remaining in the waste stream after recycling and composting 4
Direct Analysis as a waste characterisation
approach in other countries

Direct analysis in Canada for residential waste compositions

Aim of this study:

Provide data that shall identify and implement waste diversion efforts

Test the effectiveness of public education program

Estimate the environmental impacts of solid waste system

5
Direct Analysis as a waste characterisation approach
in other countries

Direct analysis in St Lucia

This study focused on the composition of

Municipal Solid Waste at 2 different landfills
sites

The St Lucia Authority aims to divert around

70% of waste according to the data
obtained by the survey
Source: Waste characterisation
6
Study, 2002
Direct Analysis Approach

Advantages Disadvantages
Most common method of Time-consuming
waste characterisation

Can accurately determine More applicable on small

amount of each waste scale
category
Expensive on national scale

Source: Moore et al. 2014; Mirakovski et al. 2009

7
Direct Analysis Approach

8
Direct Analysis
Approach
Define scope of waste
characterisation study

Timing of study

Season of study

Place of sampling

9
Direct Analysis Approach

Perform Waste Sampling

Sample selection need to

be random

Source: Akbarpour, 2015 10

Direct Analysis Approach
Perform Waste sampling

Landfill-based Sampling Generator-based Sampling

Provide better insight of waste going to Provide information on waste source

landfill generation

Allow better estimation of large waste Can perform stratification of waste in a

materials particular area

All sources of waste generation may not

have been accounted for

Source: SENES Consultants, Waste Characterisation Sub-Committee, 1999 11

Direct Analysis
Approach

Sort into waste

categories

12
Image taken from: https://www.dreamstime.com/
Direct Analysis Approach
Report results Analyse results

Image taken from: http://bluivygroup.com Image taken from: https://www.shiksha.com/b-tech/

13
Waste Categories
Paper & Paperboard Glass Plastic
Newspapers & Food containers & PET Soda and Water Bottles
Magazines dinnerware Detergent bottles
Fine paper Beverage & liquor HDPE bottles
Tissue paper bottles LDPE Bottles & tubs
Corrugated cardboard Window glass Stretch film
Drinking glasses
Light bulbs

Organics Metal Special Care Wastes

Food Waste Food cans Batteries,Solvent/Aerosol cans,
Yard Waste Paint Cans and Lids Waste oils, Bio-hazardous; First
Metal coat hangers, Aid wastes, sanity products,
nails & screws diapers
Aluminium foil

Textiles Other Wastes

Clothes Bulky Items, Composites,Tires
Fabrics Renovation Wastes; insulation,
shingles, tile, brick, concrete 14
Study Area

Urban Region Suburban Region Rural Region

E.g: Quatre-Bornes, Rose-Hill, E.g : Cassis, Floral, Forest side, E.g: Triolet, Goodlands, Mahebourg
Vacoas, Phoenix Glen-Park, Belle-Terre

15
Data source: (Lexpressclassifieds, 2016); (World Guides, 2016); (Youtube, 2016)
Study Duration

The duration of the study depends on:

Number of categories that are selected

Number of samples sorted within each category

Number of person available for sorting

16
Seasonality
Seasonal Comparison- for both summer and winter in
Mauritius

Benefits of seasonal Variation:

A better extrapolation of the results can be made to time periods outside

the study period.

More accurate generation rates, kg/capita/day can be calculated based

on this period of study.
17
Sampling and
Measurement Method

18
Sampling and
Measurement Method
Equipment and Sampling
Several equipment are required such as
tape measures for establishing sampling points on the
waste pile,
knives and magnets for identification,
scissors for cutting materials for determination of
moisture content,
rakes for spreading the pile,
permanent markers for labelling the moisture bags ,
first aids kits and paper towels.
Each waste team are provided with protective gloves, 19
Sampling and Measurement
Method
Health and Safety

The issues that should be addressed in the

H&S procedure are:
Protective clothing should be supplied for
waste sorting and waste handling and
immunizations should be verified up-to-
date.
It is recommended to have at least one
staff on duty that is trained in first aid.
Contact agencies and numbers are
mandatory in case of an emergency. 20
Sampling and
Measurement Method

21
Sampling and
Measurement Method

22
Sampling and
Measurement Method
Sample Sorting

Collected sample from the waste pile should

be sorted in the appropriate categories.
The sample collected should be
approximately 90-135kg.
The recommended approach for waste
sorting is to divide the waste materials into
major categories and then subdivide the
categories into detailed subcategories.

23
Sampling and
Measurement Method
Moisture Content

Natural moisture content of the disposed materials is recommended during

the sorting program.
Correction for the cross-contamination of wastes with liquid-water or rain
water is necessary to prevent weight errors.
Drying methods are normally used for moisture correction for the
determination of dry weight

24
Sampling and
Measurement Method
Data Recording

Sorting results should be recorded in a systematic

process
All the calculations are completed in a database
and this include:
The vehicle number and vehicle Type,
Number of Loads,
Types of waste,
Density,
Mass 25
DATA ANALYSIS AND
REPORTING

26
Data analysis and
reporting

Data presented in a planned method

Waste generation rates calculated

Indication of precision of

measurement

Electronic database
27
28
Raw Results

No waste: Zero entered

Criteria recorded (Moisture Content)
Weights of oversize items noted
Raw results file identified with date, truck information
Software estimates waste generation rates for each
category 29
Averages for sector and seasons

Provide mean values and variability

Annual generation rates determined

Extrapolate results to study other locations of interest

Estimate waste quantities generated in new communities

30
 Reporting

Results presented in a form

to meet objective of study

Report average value and

variability

Decision makers consider

uncertainty for future
studies
31
 Reporting

Report include:

Information on study area

Findings about differences

between seasons and sectors

Number of samples sorted

Variability between samples

Effort required to sort the samples 32

QUESTIONS ?

33