Principles of Food Engineering

Lecture 1
 Introduction
Food Processing
Transport Processes
Heat Transfer,
Mass transfer
Momentum transfer
Separation Process
Evaporation
Drying
Continuous gas liquid separation
Vapour liquid separation
Liquid-liquid and fluid solid separation
Membrane separation
Mechanical or physical separation
Unit Process and Unit operations
 Recap
Fluid- a substance which continuously deform under an applied stress, however
small its value may be
Fluid mechanics- deals with the causes and effect of fluid flow.
Difference between solid and fluid
Units
Length
Mass (kg)
Time (s)
Temp (K)
Force (N, kg.m/s2)
Heat/Energy/Work (J, N-m)
Concentration (mole, kg/m3)
Mole-amount of substance whose mass is numerically equal to itsmolecular weight
Mole fraction (mole of a substance/total no of mole)
Mass fraction (mass of a substance/total mass)
Pressure (N/m2)
 Ideal Gas law-
Boyles law states that the volume(V) of a gas is directly proportional to
absolute temperature (T) and inversely proportional to absolute pressure(p).
pV nRT
Gas law constant- R is the gas law constant , 8314.3 kg.m2/kg.mol.s2.K
Ideal gas mixture

Vapour pressure and boiling point of liquids

log PA m 1 b
T
Prob: A gas mixture contans the following component and partial
pressure: CO2, 65 mm Hg,H2, 2.5 mm Hg, CO 50 mm Hg,N2, 547 mm Hg,
O2, 24 mm Hg.calulate the total pressure and the composition in mass
fraction
 Conservation of mass
Mass can not be created or destroyed (excluding nuclear or atomic
reactions). It can be transferred to different forms.
Input+ generation= output (unsteady state)+ accumulation
Input= output (unsteady state)+ accumulation
Material Balance:
Material Balance with recycle:
Material balance with chemical reaction
 Energy and Heat
Heat capacity-amount of heat necessary to increase the
temperature of a substance by 1 degree.
Unit-J/kg mol.K, cal/g.oC
Heat capacity of gasses (specific heat) at constant pressure, Cp are
functions of temperature and for engg. purpose will be assumed
that it will be independent of pressure upto several atmosphere.
Eg., heat required to heat a gas from T1 to T2 will be = M g mol (Cp
J/g mol.K)(T2-T1) K
Latent heat and steam tables
Heat of reaction
Heat balance/energy conservation
H R (H 298
0
) q Hp