Engineering Science (ES) 13:

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

Lecture 4:
Shear Stress-Strain Diagram
Hookes Law for Shear
Poissons Ratio
Generalized Hookes Law
Allowable Stresses and Factor of Safety
Shear Stress-Strain Diagram

HOOKES LAW for SHEAR:

G
where G: Modulus of
Rigidity (MPa)
Poissons Ratio
within the elastic range, the ratio of
the strains along the lateral and
longitudinal direction of a member
under axial load is constant

= =

Poissons Ratio
Relation between Material Constants

The material constants, E (Modulus of

Elasticity), G (Modulus of Rigidity), and
(Poissons Ratio) is related by the equation:

E
G
2(1 )
Example: Poissons Ratio
A bar made of A-36 steel has dimensions shown in
the figure. If an axial force of 80 kN is applied to the
bar, determine the change in its length and the new
cross-sectional area after applying the load. The
material behaves elastically. (E = 200 GPa and G =
75.7 GPa)
Generalized Hookes Law

Normal strain components resulting from the stress

components may be determined from superposition

x y z
x
E E E
x y z
y
E E E
x y z
z
E E E
Example: Generalized Hookes Law
The steel block shown is subjected to a uniform
stress on all of its faces. Knowing that the change
in length of edge AB is -0.03 mm determine (a) the
change in length of the other two edges, (b) the
stress applied on the faces of the block. Assume E
= 120 GPa and = 0.29.
 Allowable Stresses and Factor of Safety

Design considerations
Strength
Serviceability
Economy

If you were the

designer, would you
let the actual stresses
reach the stresses the
material can handle?
 Allowable Stresses and Factor of Safety

To ensure safety:
Actual Stress < Material Strength
Variability in strength of material
Variability in loadings

Safety reserves a portion of the load-carrying

capacity to assure its safe performance.

= . . =

NOTE: FS > 1
value depends on several factors
 Allowable Stresses and Factor of Safety
FAILURE: state or condition in which a member or
structure no longer functions as intended
4 Types of Failure:
1. Elastic failure: excessive elastic deformation
2. Slip failure: excessive plastic deformation due to slip

3. Creep failure: excessive plastic deformation over a

long period of time
4. Fracture: complete separation of material
Example: Allowable Stresses
Two forces are applied to
the bracket BCD as shown.
Given the ultimate stresses
and factors of safety of the
components of the system,
determine the most
economic a) diameter of
steel rod AB, b) diameter of
pin C, c) thickness of
bracket supports at C.
Member Ultimate Stress FS
Steel rod AB Normal stress, 600 Mpa 3
Pin C Shearing stress, 350 Mpa 3
Bracket Supports at C Bearing stress, 300 MPa 2
 Example: Allowable Stresses

The load W is supported by two

tie rods. The properties of the tie
rods are as follows:
Rod A Rod B
12 mm 9 mm
u = 270 Mpa u = 340 Mpa
FSfrac = 4 FSfrac = 4

Determine the maximum safe

load W that can be supported.
 Example: Allowable Stresses
The rigid bar AB shown in the
figure is supported by a steel rod
AC having a diameter of 20 mm
and an aluminum block having a
cross-sectional area of 1800
mm2. The 18-mm-diameter pins
at A and C are subjected to
single shear. Determine the
maximum load P that the system
can carry given the properties of
the materials below.
Member Ultimate Stress FS
Steel rod AC Normal stress, 680 Mpa 2
Pins A and C Shearing stress, 900 Mpa 2
Aluminum block Normal stress, 105 MPa 3
References
Beer, F.P. et al. (2006). Mechanics of
materials. 6th Ed. SI. McGraw-Hill

Hibbeler, R.C. (2000). Mechanics of

materials. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall