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Principle of lending
The business of lending, which is main
business of the banks, carry certain inherent
risks and bank cannot take more than
calculated risk
whenever it wants to lend. Hence, lending
activity has to necessarily adhere to certain
principles.
Lending principles can be conveniently divided
into two areas (i) activity, and (ii) individual.
lending
Activity individual
5 Cs of Process
safety Security the
liquidity Appraisal of
diversity stability profitability borrower Lending
liquidity
Liquidity is an important principle of bank lending. Bank
lend for short period only because they lend public
money which can be withdrawn at any time by
depositors.
They therefore advances loans on security of such assets
which are easily marketable and convertible into the
cash at short notice.
A bank chooses such securities in its investment
portfolio which possess sufficient liquidity. It is essential
because if the bank needs cash to meet the urgent
requirement of its customers, it should be in position to
sell some of the securities at a very short notice without
disturbing their market prices much.
There are certain securities such as central, states and
local govt. bonds which are easily saleable without
affecting the price of market
safety
The safety of funds lent is another principle of
lending.
Safety means that the borrower should be able to
repay the loan and interest in time at regular
intervals without default.
The repayment of the loan depend upon the
nature of the security, character of the borrower,
his capacity to repay and his financial standing.
Like other investment bank investments involves
risk but the degree of risk varies with the type of
the securities of the central govt. are safer than
those of the state govt. and local bodies.
diversity
In choosing its investment portfolio a commercial
bank should follow the principle of diversity.
It should not invest its surplus funds in a particular
type of securities. It should choose the shares and
debentures of different types of industries
situated in different regions of the country. The
same principle should be followed in the case of
state govt. and local bodies.
Its aim at minimizing risk of the investment
portfolio of a bank. it also applies to the advancing
of loans to varied types of firms, industry,
business and trades.
Do not keep all eggs in one basket
stability
Another important principle of banks investment policy
should be to invest in those stocks and securities which
possess a high degree of stability in their price.
The bank cannot afford any loss on the value of its securities.
It should therefore invest it funds in the shares of reputed
companies where the possibility of decline in their prices is
remote. Govt. bonds and debentures of companies carry
fixed rates of interest.
Their value change with change in the market rate of interest.
But the bank is forced to liquidate a portion of them to meet
its requirement of cash in cash of financial crisis.
Otherwise they run to their full term of 10 years or more and
change in the market rate of interest do not affect them
much. Thus banks investments in debentures and bonds are
more stable than in the shares of the companies.
profitability
This is the cardinal principle for making investment by a
bank. Its must earn sufficient profits.
It should therefore invest in such securities which was
sure a fair and stable return on the funds invested.
The earning capacity of securities and share depends
upon the interest rate and the dividend rate and the tax
benefits they carry.
It is largely the govt. securities of the centre, state and
local bodies that largely carry the exemptions of their
interest from taxes.
The bank should invest more in such securities rather
than in the shares of new companies which also carry tax
exemption. This is because shares of new companies are
not the safe investment.
Secured Advances
Possession of the Remains with lender Remains with Usually Remains with
security (pledgee) Borrower Borrower
(i) Agriculture
(ii) Micro and Small Enterprises
(iii) Education
(iv) Housing
(v) Export Credit
(vi) Others
Targets and Sub-targets for banks
under priority sector
Categories Domestic commercial banks / Foreign banks with less
Foreign banks with 20 and above than 20 branches (As
branches (As percent of ANBC or percent of ANBC or Credit
Credit Equivalent of Off-Balance Equivalent of Off-Balance
Sheet Exposure, whichever is Sheet Exposure, whichever
higher) is higher)
Total Priority Sector 40 32
Small Enterprises More than twenty fivelakh rupees but does not
exceed five crore rupees
Enterprises Investment in equipment
Small Enterprises More than ten lakh rupees but does not exceed two
crore rupees
Loan limit for education under priority
sector
Loans to individuals for educational purposes
including vocational courses upto `10 lakh for
studies in India and `20 lakh for studies abroad
are included under priority sector.
limit for housing loans under priority
sector
Loans to individuals up to `25 lakh in
metropolitan centres with population above
ten lakh and `15 lakh in other centres for
purchase/construction of a dwelling unit per
family excluding loans sanctioned to banks
own employees.
under Weaker Sections under priority
sector
Priority sector loans to the following borrowers are considered under Weaker
Sections category:-
(a) Small and marginal farmers;
(b) Artisans, village and cottage industries where individual credit limits do not
exceed `50,000;
(c) Beneficiaries of Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY), now National
Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM);
(d) Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes;
(e) Beneficiaries of Differential Rate of Interest (DRI) scheme;
(f) Beneficiaries under Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY);
(g) Beneficiaries under the Scheme for Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers
(SRMS);
(h) Loans to Self Help Groups;
(i) Loans to distressed farmers indebted to non-institutional lenders;
(j) Loans to distressed persons other than farmers not exceeding `50,000 per
borrower to prepay their debt to non-institutional lenders;
(k) Loans to individual women beneficiaries upto `50,000 per borrower;
The rate of interest for loans under
priority sector