Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME 322 Mechanical Engineering

Thermodynamics

Lecture 24

Power Generation Cycles

Vapor Power Generation
The Rankine Cycle
 Power Generation Cycles
Vapor Power Generation Cycles
Working fluid experiences a phase change
Example: Steam Power Plant
Gas Power Generation Cycles
Working fluid stays in the vapor or gas phase
Example: Gas Turbine Engine
Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Cycles
The working fluid is air in a closed piston-cylinder
Example: Spark ignition ICE
Example: Compression ignition ICE

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 A Simple Vapor Power Plant

In ME 322, we are concerned

with subsystem A

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 The Rankine Cycle - Components

(Heat Exchanger)

(Heat Exchanger)

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 The Rankine Cycle A Heat Engine
(Heat Source)

TH
TH
Wnet Wcycle

TL

TL

(Heat Sink)

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 Component Analysis
Turbine
Wt m h1 h 2

Condenser
Q out m h 2 h3
Q out mw h 6 h5
Q out mwc p T 6 T5
6

Boiler
w
Q in m h1 h 4 5

Pump
Wp m h 4 h3

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 Performance Parameters
Thermal Efficiency
energy sought Wt Wp m h1 h 2 m h 4 h3 h1 h 2 h 4 h3
th
energy that costs $$ Qin m h1 h 4 h1 h4
Heat Rate

HR
energy input to the cycle (Btu)

Qin [Btu/hr]


h1 h4 [Btu/hr]
net work output (kW-hr) Wt Wp kW h1 h2 h4 h3 kW

Back Work Ratio

bwr
pump work required

Wp m h 4 h3


h 4 h3
turbine work delivered Wt m h1 h 2
h1 h 2

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 Department of Mechanical Engineering
ME 322 Mechanical Engineering
Thermodynamics

Vapor Power Generation

The Ideal Rankine Cycle

 The Ideal Rankine Cycle
1-2: Isentropic expansion through
the turbine from a saturated (or
superheated) vapor state to the
condenser pressure

2-3: Heat transfer from the steam

at constant pressure through the
condenser to a saturated liquid

3-4: Isentropic process through

The ideal Rankine Cycle is the pump to the boiler pressure
internally reversible
- No friction effects 4-1: Heat transfer to the steam at
constant pressure through the
Turbine and pump are boiler to complete the cycle
reversible and adiabatic
- Isentropic

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 The Ideal Rankine Cycle
PH

Boiler pressure

PL

Condenser pressure

The ideal cycle also includes the possibility

of superheating the saturated vapor

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 Department of Mechanical Engineering
ME 322 Mechanical Engineering
Thermodynamics

Example

Ideal Rankine Cycle with Superheat

 Ideal Rankine Cycle with Superheat
Given: An ideal Rankine Cycle with water as the working
fluid with known properties as shown below.
P1 1600 psia
T1 1100F
m 1.4 106 lbm/hr Find:
(a) The net power
developed (Btu/hr)
P2 1 psia (b) The thermal efficiency
T6 80F (c) The heat rate
(d) The back work ratio
T5 60F (e) The mass flow rate of
the cooling water

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 Ideal Rankine Cycle with Superheat
P1 1600 psia
T1 1100F
m 1.4 106 lbm/hr

P2 1 psia

T6 80F

T5 60F

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 Ideal Rankine Cycle with Superheat
P1 1600 psia
The net power delivered from the T1 1100F
m 1.4 106 lbm/hr

cycle is,
Wnet Wt Wp P2 1 psia

T6 80F

The First Law applied to the turbine T5 60F

Wt m h1 h 2

The enthalpy at the exit of the turbine can be found because

the turbine is isentropic,

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 Ideal Rankine Cycle with Superheat
P1 1600 psia
The First Law applied to the pump, T1 1100F
m 1.4 106 lbm/hr

Wp m h 4 h3
P2 1 psia

T6 80F

T5 60F

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 Ideal Rankine Cycle with Superheat
P1 1600 psia
The thermal efficiency of the cycle is, T1 1100F
m 1.4 106 lbm/hr

Wnet
th
Qin P2 1 psia

T6 80F

T5 60F

The heat transfer rate at the boiler is

determined from the First Law,

Q in m h1 h 4

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 Ideal Rankine Cycle with Superheat
P1 1600 psia
The heat rate and back work ratio T1 1100F
m 1.4 106 lbm/hr

are defined as,

Qin [Btu/hr] Wp
HR bwr P2 1 psia

Wnet kW Wt T6 80F

T5 60F

To determine the mass flow rate of the cooling water, draw a

system boundary around the condenser that keeps the heat
transfer all internal.

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 Ideal Rankine Cycle with Superheat
P1 1600 psia
For the system identified (red), T1 1100F
m 1.4 106 lbm/hr

mh 2 mw h5 mh3 mw h 6 0
m h 2 h3 mw h 6 h5
P2 1 psia

T6 80F

m h 2 h3 mwc p T6 T5 T5 60F

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 Ideal Rankine Cycle with Superheat
P1 1600 psia
EES Solution (Key Variables): T1 1100F
m 1.4 106 lbm/hr

P2 1 psia

T6 80F

T5 60F

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 Ideal Rankine Cycle with Superheat
Results: P1 1600 psia 891.2 6.7 MBtu/hr 0.429
T1 1100F th
m 1.4 106 lbm/hr 2063 M/Btuhr

= 891.2 MBtu/hr
(350,257 hp)
P2 1 psia
2063 MBtu/hr =
T6 80F
= 1178 MBtu/hr
T5 60F
2063 MBtu/hr 3412 Btu/hr
HR
891.2 6.7 MBtu/hr kW
Btu 6.7 MBtu/hr
HR 7958
kW-hr bwr 0.0075
891.2 MBtu/hr
= 6.7 MBtu/hr

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