Energi Turbin Angin

KULIAH ENERGY TERBARUKAN

Exploring Wind Energy
For More Information
The NEED Project
www.need.org
info@need.org
1-800-875-5029
Energy Information
Administration
U.S. Department of
Energy
www.eia.gov

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project

What Makes
Wind

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project

Global Wind
Patterns

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project

History of Wind Energy
5000 BC 500-900 AD 1300 AD 1850s Late 1880s
Sailboats used on the First windmills First horizontal-axis Daniel Halladay and Thomas O. Perry
Nile indicate the power developed in Persia windmills in Europe John Burnham build conducted 5,000
of wind Halladay Windmill; wind experiments;
start US Wind starts Aermotor Company
Engine Company

1888 Early 1900s 1941 1979

Charles F. Brush Windmills in CA In VT, Grandpas First wind turbine
used windmill to generate pumped saltwater Knob turbine rated over 1 MW
electricity to evaporate ponds supplies power to began operating
in Cleveland, OH town during WWII

1985 1993 2004 2013

CA wind capacity US WindPower developed Electricity from Wind power provided
exceeded 1,000 MW first commercial variable-speed wind wind generation over 17% of renewable
turbine costs 3 to 4.5 cents per kWh energy used in US

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project

Why Wind Energy?
Clean, zero emissions
NOx, SO2, CO, CO2
Air quality, water quality
Climate change
Reduce fossil fuel dependence
Energy independence
Domestic energynational
security
Renewable
No fuel-price volatility
Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project
Renewable Electric Capacity Worldwide

US DOE, EERE 2015 Renewable Energy Data Book

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project
 300000
US Electricity Wind Solar PV

Generation 250000 Solar Thermal Waste

from Non- Geothermal Wood
Hydro 200000

Million kilowatt-hours
Renewables 150000

100000

50000

0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project

Top Wind Power Producing States, 2015
Rank State Million kWh Rank State Million kWh
1 Texas 44,959 14 New York 3,956
2 Iowa 17,878 15 Wyoming 3,768
3 Oklahoma 14,018 16 Pennsylvania 3,352
4 California 12,228 17 Nebraska 3,154
5 Kansas 10,927 18 South Dakota 2,481
6 Illinois 10,733 19 Idaho 2,457
7 Minnesota 9,797 20 New Mexico 2,067
8 Colorado 7,441 21 Montana 1,962
9 Washington 7,101 22 Wisconsin 1,641
10 Oregon 6,675 23 West Virginia 1,376
11 North Dakota 6,530 24 Maine 1,273
12 Michigan 4,778 25 Ohio 1,206
13 Indiana 4,516
Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project
Annual Installed U.S. Wind Power Capacity

AWEA U.S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report Year Ending 2016
Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project
Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project

Installed Wind Capacities |1999-Present

1999 Total: 2,500 MW As of 10/17/2017 Total: 84,407 MW
Wind Energy Potential by State

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project

U.S. Wind
Resource
Map

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Transmission
Challenges

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China Leads the World in Wind Capacity

Source: Global Wind Energy Council

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project
Why Such Growth? costs are low!
Increased Turbine Size
R&D Advances
Manufacturing Improvements

1979 2000 2004 2011

40 cents/kWh 4-6 cents/kWh 3-4.5 cents/kWh Less than 5
cents/kWh

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project

Modern Wind Turbines

Turbines can be categorized into two classes based on the orientation of the rotor.
Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project

Vertical-Axis Turbines
Disadvantages
Rotors generally near ground where wind is
poorer
Advantages
Centrifugal force stresses blades
Omni-directional
Poor self-starting capabilities
accepts wind from any direction
Requires support at top of turbine rotor
Components can be mounted at
ground level Requires entire rotor to be removed to
ease of service
replace bearings

lighter weight towers Overall poor performance and reliability

Can theoretically use less materials

to capture the same amount of
wind
Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines
Small (<10 kW) Intermediate(10-250 kW)
Homes Village Power
Farms Hybrid Systems
Remote Applications (e.g., Distributed Power
water pumping, Telecom
sites, ice making)

Large (250 kW-2+ MW)

Central Station Wind Farms
Distributed Power
Schools

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project

Large Wind Turbines
Common Utility-Scale Turbines

328 base to blade

Each blade is 112
200 tons total
Foundation 20 deep
Rated at 1.5-2 megawatts
Supply about 500 homes

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project

 Wind Turbine Component
 How a Wind Turbine Operates
Installation of
Wind Turbines

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project

Wind Turbine Perspective

Workers Blade
112 long

Nacelle
56 tons

Tower
3 sections

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Wind Farms

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 Offshore Wind Farms

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Residential Wind
Systems and Net
Metering

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project

Potential Impacts and Issues

Property Values
Noise
Visual Impact
Land Use
Wildlife Impact

Properly siting a wind turbine can mitigate many of these issues.

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project

 Impacts of
Wind
Power:
Noise
Wildlife
Impacts

Exploring Wind - 10/19/17 - The NEED Project

BERDASARKAN MATERI DARI MIT
KE to Usable Energy
Bernoullis Principle

Bernoullis Principle
EnergyKinetic + EnergyPressure = EnergyPressure + Energy Kinetic
Example:
IfEnergy Kinetic1 = (5), and Energy Pressure1 = (11)
and Energy Pressure2 drops to (1)
then Kinetic Energy2 Increases to (15)
 Catching the Wind!
Turbines catch the wind's energy with their propeller-like blades
Usually, two or three blades are mounted on a shaft to form a rotor
The wind turbine blade acts an airplane wing
When the wind blows a pocket of low-pressure air forms on the downwind
side of the blade
Air pressure = force exerted on an object by the weight of particles in air
measured in:
Inches of Mercury (Hg),A
Amospheres (Atm)
Millibars (mb)
1013.25 mb = 29.92 Hg = 1.0 atm.[2] At standard or normal atmospheric pressure, and at
15 C, air usually weighs about 1.225 kilograms per cubic meter
 Catching the Wind! Cont

When air pressure is low in one locality, such as the downwind side of a
wind turbine blade, air from another area will rush in to equal out the air
pressure
The low-pressure air pocket created by the wind turbine blade then pulls
the blade toward it, causing the rotor to turn
This process is referred to as lift. The force of the lift is actually much
stronger than the wind's force against the front side of the blade, which is
called drag
The combination of lift and drag causes the rotor to spin like a propeller
causes the spinning of the turbines shaft.
When shaft spins KE of movement is converted by generator into
usable electricity
ORIENTATION OF THE ROTOR AXIS
AERODYNAMICS
Lift and drag forces are measured experimentally in a wind tunnel for airfoils as
a function of the attack angle, the angle of the relative wind to the chord of
the airfoil (Figure 5.11).
 Lift is perpendicular and drag is parallel to the relative wind. The horizontal
component of the lift on the blades, which depends on the angle of attack,
makes the rotor turn about the axis (Figure 5.12).
Control Systems
Pitch Control
 Normal Operation [1]

A power curve,
power versus
wind speed,
describes the
normal operation
of a wind turbine
Normal Operation [2]

Notice that difference in power output at low wind speed is due to

difference in the electric efficiency of the generators.
At the cut-in wind speed the unit starts to rotate or produce power, then
reaches rated power (size of generator) at the rated wind speed and
continues to produce that power until the unit shuts down at the cut-out
wind speed.
Some wind turbines with fixed-pitch blades and induction generators
continue to operate at any wind speed.
Above the rated wind speed the power output is constant or even
decreases somewhat because of the decreasing aerodynamic efficiency
with increasing wind speed.
Normal Operation [3]

The most important parameter in determining energy production is the rotor

area, as energy production will increase as the square of the radius.
A larger generator does not necessarily mean more energy production because the
efficiency at low wind speeds will change with generator size.
Therefore, some large wind turbines have two generators, one a smaller generator
for lower wind speeds to increase overall efficiency. Although a larger generator is
probably desirable in the best wind regimes, the optimum size for a given rotor
radius for a given wind regime is still undetermined.
Manufacturers are now offering different size generators (rated power) for the same
rotor diameter, or the same size generator for different rotor diameters.
Jay Carter, Sr. designed and built a wind turbine for both medium and good wind regimes,
which is done by only changing the size of the induction generator (30 kW, six poles; 50 kW,
four poles).
 Faults

Wind turbines are shut down for faults such as loss of load,
vibration, loss of phase, current or voltage anomalies, etc.
Each of these safety features could save the unit, but the most
important feature is a method of controlling the rotor when there
is a loss of load (fault on the utility grid) during high winds
(overspeed control).
If the unit is not shut down within a few seconds, it will reach such
high power levels that it cannot be shut down and will self-
destruct.
The large torque excursions and also the emergency application of
mechanical brakes may damage the gearbox. Faults result in power
spikes, large current, and voltage drops.
Energy Productions

Annual energy production is the most important factor for wind

turbines. Of course, that is combined with economics to
determine feasibility for installation of wind turbines and wind
farms.
Approximate annual energy can be estimated by the following
methods:
1. Generator size (rated power)
2. Rotor area and wind map
3. Manufacturers curve of energy versus annual wind speed
Generator Size

The effect of the wind regime and the rated power for the rated wind speed
can be estimated by changing the capacity factor.
The capacity factor is the average power divided by the rated power
(generator size). The capacity factor is estimated from energy production
over a selected time period, and in general, capacity factors are quoted on an
annual basis, although some are calculated for a quarter of a year.
Capacity factors can also be calculated for wind farms, and they should be
close to the same values as capacity factors calculated for individual wind
turbines. However, if the wind farm is composed of different wind turbines, it
should be noted.
Example : Case Study

For example, the Green Mountain Wind Farm at the Brazos near
Fluvana, Texas, has 160 1 MW wind turbines; however,100 have
rotor diameters of 61.4 m and 60 have rotor diameters of 56 m.
Therefore, the capacity factor will be larger for the units
with the larger rotor.
Notice that capacity factor is like an average efficiency.
In general, the generator size method gives reasonable
estimates if the rated power of the wind turbine is around 10
13 m/s.
If the rated power is above that range, or for wind regimes
below class 3, then the capacity factor should be reduced
accordingly.
ROTOR AREA AND WIND MAP
The amount of energy produced by a wind turbine primarily depends on the rotor area,
also referred to as cross-sectional area, swept area, or intercept area. The swept area for
different types of wind turbines can be calculated from the dimensions of the rotor.
Example
 MANUFACTURERS CURVE
Manufacturers assume a Rayleigh
distribution for the wind speed at
1 m/s intervals and then calculate
the annual energy production at
standard density using the power
curve for their wind tur bine at a
selected hub height.
At 10 m height, the average wind
speed was around 6 m/s for the
High Plains of Texas (1,100 m
elevation), and at 50 m height, the
wind speed was 8.2 m/s.
So, from the graph, a wind speed
of 8.2 m/s means the turbine
should produce around 2,800,000
kWh/year.
Perhitungan
Energy
Tahunan [1]
 CALCULATED ANNUAL ENERGY [2]

Manufacturers will supply power curves for their wind turbines, and most of
the power curves are available online.
For each interval (a bin width of 1 m/s is adequate), the number of hours
at that wind speed is multiplied by the corresponding power to find the
energy.
These values are added together to find the energy production for the total
number of hours (Table 5.1). This is the method that wind farm developers
use to estimate the energy production.
Wind speed histograms should reflect annual values, not the value for part
of a year or even 1 year, which could be above or below the annual values.
Wind speed histograms and power curves have to be corrected to the same
height and adjusted for air density due to location of the data compiled for
the power curve.
So when the density correction is made from 1.2 to 1.1 kg/m for the Texas
Panhandle and an availability of 98% is assumed, that reduces 3,061,000
kWh/year to 2,750,000 kWh/year.
CALCULATED ANNUAL ENERGY [3]

Availability is the time that the wind turbine is in operational mode, and it
does not depend on whether the wind is blowing.
Availability is related to reliability of the wind turbine, which is affected by
both the quality of the turbine and operation and maintenance.
Experimental values of availability of wind turbines in the field were poor for
first production models; however, availabilities of 98% are now reported for
later units, which have a good program of ongoing maintenance.
INNOVATIVE WIND SYSTEMS

The important categories are system performance, structural requirements,

and quantity and characteristics of materials.
Innovative ideas include the tornado type, tethered units to reach the high
winds of the jet stream, tall tower to use rising air, tall tower and humid air,
torsion flutter, electro-fluid, diffuser augmented, the Magnus effect, and
others.
Most all innovative concepts remain at the feasibility or lab experiment stage.
Not all innovative systems are recent inventions; for example, sail wings,
wings on railroad cars, and the Magnus effect (Madaras concept was rotating
cylinders on railroad cars) have been around for a long time.
 Innovative or unusual wind systems
(Figure 5.17) have to be evaluated in the
same way as other wind turbines.
 The West German government funded the
construction of a 200 m tall tower in Spain [5].
A 240 m diameter greenhouse at the bottom
provided the hot air to drive the air turbine, rated
at 75 kW, which was located inside the tower.
A private entrepreneur in California constructed a
Magnus type wind turbine [6], 17 m in diameter,
with purported rated capacity of 110 kW (Figure
5.18).
The unit was later moved to the wind test site of
Southern California Edison, which was located in
San Gorgonio Pass.
 A small wind turbine has been built with spirals on the cylinders (Figure 5.19).
A built-in motor spins the cylinders, which in the wind makes the rotor rotate
due to the Magnus force on the cylinders. The unit is 11.5 m diameter and
rated power is 12 kW.
STORAGE

Batteries are used with stand-alone systems and hybrid systems, and even provide
load leveling for short-term fluctuations. XCEL Energy will begin a demonstration
project consisting of 1 MW of battery storage to store energy from wind farms [28].
There will be 20 battery modules (50 kW each) that will store around 72 MWh. Other
storage ideas have been to change the electrical energy to chemical energy, such as
the production of hydrogen or fertilizer. Village power systems that include wind
turbines and the production of hydrogen are now on the market. Another idea would
be to store the energy in flywheels, which would be a good load match between the
wind turbine and the load.
Compressed air, pumped water storage, and superconducting magnets have all been
considered, and some prototype systems with wind turbine input have even been
constructed. In general, the efficiency of storage systems is around 60 to 70%.
Example Project
MIT
Setup Types

stand-alone
not connected to a power grid
power created is directly channeled into powered site
utility power grid
Stores energy
connection must be available
Combined w/ a photovoltaic (solar cell) system
has solar cells mounted on it.
Solar cells - thin wafers of silicon which, when exposed to
sunlight, produceelectric current
Efficiency
large number of wind turbines are usually built close together to
form what is referred to as a wind plant
The worlds largest wind plant located off the coast of Oregon
has 450 wind turbines
generates 300 MWh of energy
meets the needs of 70,000 homes
This practice utilizes an area suited for wind energy by deploying
multiple units
Limitations
limit to the amount of energy that can be harnessed by an individual wind turbine
The more kinetic energy that a wind turbine pulls out of the wind, the more the
wind will be slowed down as it leaves
If a designer tried to extract all the energy from the wind
air would move away with the speed zero
air prevented from entering the rotor of the turbine
If the designer did the exact opposite and allowed the wind to pass through the
wind turbine without being hindered at all, again,
energy will not be cultivated,
since the rotor blades would not be spun, the
shaft wouldnt spin
kinetic energy would not be converted into electricity
Betz Law

designer of a wind turbine must find an ideal balance between

these two extremes
Fortunately for wind energy advocates and enthusiasts there is
a simple answer to this dilemma
Under Betz Law an ideal wind turbine would slow down the
wind by 2/3 of its original speed (the capture of 59.6% of the
winds speed).
Site Limitations

The direction that wind travels in angel of the turbines

rotors are
important limitations and considerations
Wind at a site is being slowed down by each turbine
limit to the amount of individual units a site can
support
NIMBY
Birds
Denmark Wind Energy Production

In 2001, the Danish Wind industry produced 4.3 Terawatt Hours

(TWh) of electricity
1 TWh (Terawatt Hour) = 1 trillion Watt Hours
(1,000,000,000,000)
1 million barrels of oil produce can produce 73 Gigawatt Hours
(GWh) of electricity
1 GHw = 1 billion Watt Hours (1,000,000,000)
Denmark used wind energy to create the equivalent of
59,000,000 barrels of oil in 2001
BAGAIMANA DENGAN INDONESIA ???
WALLAHU ALAM BISSHOWAB