OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing For LTE

Radio Frequency Team
Etisalat Egypt

Mostafa Adawy
Work Shop Agenda

oDigital Signal
oChannel Impact
oNoise
oError Rate
oChannel Paths
oNarrow band Transmission
oFDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)
oOFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Digital Signal

Digital Signal
Time Domain

Digital Signal in Transmission

Base Band Digital Signal Pass Band Digital Signal

During Transmission No need for Carrier During Transmission a Carrier is needed

Short Range Long Range Transmission

oWire line Wireless Transmission
oOptical Fibre oModulation is needed
oTransmission Line
oShort Range Transmission
Digital Signal (Contd)
o Base band Signal (No need for Carrier ,Short Range Transmission )

TX Channel RX

oPass Band Signal (Wireless Transmission need a carrier )

Why I need a Carrier ?

Wave Length = C/F Frequency is Small Will be large Antenna Will be large

Signal Range 2KHZ up to 20 KHZ C= 3*10^8 m/s

= 10 Km Antenna with Range in KM

Channel

TX M DM Rx
Channel Impact ?
Channel Impact
Channel
TX

Rx

Transmission of digital data over a channel typically suffers

oNoise
oMulti Path
Inter-symbol interference (ISI)

oNoise / Multi paths often occur simultaneously.

oDuring Solving the Case ?
oFor simplicity, During analysis treat each separately. Noise
oNoise
oMulti paths Channel

TX
Noise Problem
Noise Problem
oNoise is Random signal (+ve /-ve)
oSolution of Noise
oGet Max SNR at the output for the signal So that I can decode
oHow I can get Max SNR ?
Add Filter at the Rx

o Matched Filter :Designed to get samples with Max SNR

At t=T
Channel Max SNR
Noise t=T
Matched Filter
TX
H(t)

Matched Filter
oDoesnt make Amplification why? (Not Amplifier)
oIf it make amplification I will make noise enhancement
oHave chance to get signal (Sample at MAX SNR )

oDesigned with H(t) so that the Out signal has max SNR
Matched Filter
H(t)
Noise Problem (Contd)

Matched Filter
H(t) Max SNR

Summation of all points

Integrate
0 T 0 T

oIntegration as if I make Summation at all the points

oSummation is Good for noise

As the Noise is random +ve or ve
So that the noise can disappear

oIncrease the signal amplitude

oIncrease the duration
Get better SNR
Noise Problem (Contd)
Threshold

Y(t) Y(T)
Channel t=T
Noise
Matched Decision
TX Filter Device
H(t) At t=T
Max SNR

output

> Threshold +1
y(T)
< Threshold -1
 SNR and Error Rate
Any Receiver should have acceptable Error Rate to Decode
SNR and Decoding
Performance of Digital system is measured by Error Rate
oBER
oFER
oSER

BER =10^-5
Every 100 000 Bit we have one bit wrong on average

To decode a signal (Voice ) I should have acceptable Error Rate

BER
SNR Decreased BER increase cant decode

RX
Acceptable
Error Rate

Rx1 $ $ Rx2 Rx3

@ high noise I can

SNR
Channel Paths
Channel Paths
2
0 3

Channel response
(t)
Ideal Channel

(t)
Ideal Channel

ISI Channel Inter symbol

(t) interference
 Time Domain

Main Path

Path 1

Path 2

Frequency Domain
Limited Time Unlimited in Freq You need Cure

Freq Freq
Channel (Contd)
Solution
Equalizer

Equalization
oEqualizer to overcome multi path channel impact
oShadow
oFading Noise=0

S(t) S(t)
Channel H(f)
Equalizer

Overcome
Channel Impact
Channel H(f) 1/H(f)
Equalizer

oSignal pass through equalizer whose response (Transfer function) is the inverse of the
channel
Channel (Contd)

What is the problem now ? (Noise Matched Filter / Channel Paths Equalizer)
oChannel : Time variant channel

oThe Equalizer design is very difficult

Channel Estimation
Design the equalizer response (difficult ==> time variant channel)
Channel (Contd)
Time Domain
h(t)
Channel paths

Echo's
Delay spread of the channel

t
Frequency domain
As the delay increase the frequency variations are high
h(f)

There is No way I can see the channel flat

f
 No Problem
Narrow band Transmission
FM Radio
GSM
Narrow band Transmission
h(f)

f
Narrow band Transmission
o200 KHz
oChannel is almost flat
oIF the transmission BW is almost narrow enough
Channel is almost flat
No need to make equalization
Even if equalizer is present it will be very simple

oNarrow band Transmission

Radio Signal (AM ,FM Radio signal band 200 KHz up to 400 KHz )
2G Signal
3G ?
As if Narrow band
Two Transmitters at the same frequency
Amplitude

Signal 1

Frequency SC Code 1 Frequency

Both signals combined

in the air interface
Amplitude

Signal 2

Frequency Frequency
SC Code 2

AT THE RECEIVER... Spread Spectrum

Processing Gain
Both signals are
received together

SC Code 1 Signal 1 is reconstructed

Frequency
Signal 2 looks like noise
 Problem
Wide band Transmission
Wide band Transmission
oWide band Transmission
LTE service
Internet service (WiMAX)
TV channel (5Mhz ) DVBH
oWide band Transmission : BW 1.4 MHZ to 20 MHZ
h(f)

Wide Band Tran.

f
oTo Find equalizer can remove the channel impact is very complex
Time variant channel
oSolution 1
Time variant equalizer (adaptive equalizer )
Solution 2

OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency division
multiplexing
OFDM orthogonal Frequency division multiplexing
oUsed in Wide band Transmission
oTechnique at which data is sent on many carriers

h(f)

oDivide the wide band channel into narrow band channels

Channel is almost flat within Subcarrier
As if dealing with narrow band channels
LTE :
Each sub channel is 15 KHZ
BW =5 MHZ
512 sub channel
FACTS
Main Path
ISI Impact is Very High
Path 1

Pulse Stretch
ISI Impact is Little

o(Pulse Shaping-time stretch)

oIncreasing the duration leads to decrease the ISI impact

oIncrease the Duration leads to decrease the channel impact

Freq. variations will be in limited band
 Time Domain
S(t)

Ts
Time

S(f)
Frequency domain

-4/Ts -3/Ts -2/Ts -1/Ts 1/Ts 2/Ts 3/Ts 4/Ts 5/Ts

Frequency

Go to Zero at 1/Ts pulse duration

I need the peak
 Ts
Example
S(0)

S(1) 4 Symbols each of Duration Ts

S(2)

S(3)

Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)

Put the Symbols on the BW [S(f)]

-4/Ts -3/Ts -2/Ts -1/Ts 1/Ts 2/Ts 3/Ts 4/Ts 5/Ts Frequency
Peak of one is the Zero of the others
Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)

2/Ts 2/Ts 2/Ts 2/Ts

Frequency
Band Width

Is the FDM is band width efficient ?

oFrom the above graph it is not BW efficient

oI Can get Smaller BW so that peak of one is the Zero of the others
 2/Ts 2/Ts 2/Ts
Case 1 :FDM

-4/Ts -3/Ts -2/Ts -1/Ts 1/Ts 2/Ts 3/Ts 4/Ts 5/Ts Freq

Case 2 :
oPulse Shaping (Time stretch)
Decrease the BW
oChoose the correct Frequency
So that Peak of one is Zeros of others
Freq
F1 F2 F3 F4

Case 2
oBW is less than case 1
oCase 2 is more BW efficient
oI can chose frequency so that the peak of one is at the Zeros of the others
Time is stretched
S(0)
4Ts
Ts Ts Ts Ts nTs S(1)

4Ts
S(0) S(1) S(2) S(3) S(2)
4Ts
Step 1 Parallel Transmission S/P 4Ts
S(4)
/Stretching
4Ts

Step 2 :FDM
Chose freq at which the peak of one is the zeros of the others
FDM OFDM

Orthogonality Rule
Fo=1/4Ts
F1=2/4TS
Fn= integers of 1/nTs

F0 F1 F2 F3 Frequency
 Peak of one is Zeros of others
E^j2f0
S(0)

S(0) S(n-1)
E^j2f1
Ts S(1)
High BW
X(n)
Serial
to S(2) E^j2f2
Parallel

S(n-1)
E^j2f(n-1)

h(f)
nTs
Low BW Data on Sub Carriers
Narrow Band Transmission

f

In LTE I have 512 subcarrier
So I will need 512 Crystal oscillator

E^j2f0

E^j2f1
X(n)

IFFT (inverse frour Transform )

S(0)
E^j2f(n-1)

S(1)
S(0) S(n-1)
X(n)
Serial to S(2)
IFFT
Parallel

S(n-1)
 Serial
IFFT Parallel D/A
to
to series Converter
Parallel

Parall Serial
A/D
el To FFT to
Converter
Series Parallel
Thank You