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Connected Mode

Handover
Inter-System Handover
Handover from a CDMA system to an Analog or TDMA system
Traffic and Control Channels are Disconnected and must be Reconnected

Hard Handover
When the MS must change CDMA carrier frequency during the Handover
Traffic and Control Channels are Disconnected and must be Reconnected

Soft Handover
Unique to CDMA
During Handover, the MS has concurrent traffic connections with two BSs
Handover should be less noticeable

Softer Handover
Similar to Soft Handover, but between two sectors of the same cell
Handover is simplified since sectors have identical timing
Soft/Softer Handover
Soft/Softer Handover(Contd)
Soft Handover
Unique to CDMA
During Handover, the MS has concurrent traffic connections with two BSs
Handover should be less noticeable

Node-B 1 Node-B 2

Softer Handover
Similar to Soft Handover, but between two sectors of the same cell
Handover is simplified since sectors have identical timing

Node-B 1
Soft/Softer Handover(Contd)

Missing Neighbor Cells

Detected Neighbor

Missing Neighbor Cells


Missing Neighbour Problem
2G Handover
we have only one serving cell
2G Missing Neighbour Problem

Cell A Cell B A & B must be neighbor cells


Cell B Cell C B & C must be neighbor cells
Cell C Cell D C & D must be neighbor cells
Cell D Cell E D & E must be neighbor cells
Cell E Cell F E & F must be neighbor cells
2G Missing Neighbour Problem(Contd)
Missing Neighbor Cells
A B C D E F

Cell A Cell B A & B must be neighbor cells


Cell B Cell C A & C are not neighbors
Cell B Cell D B & D are not neighbor
Cell B Cell E A & E Neighbor cells
Cell E Cell F E & F must be neighbor cells
3G Missing Neighbour Problem(Contd)
Missing Neighbor Cells

3G Cell1 3G Cell 2

User 2

All have the same frequency

Interference Figure at cell 2


Power
User 2

Signal (Eb/No) < Required Cant Decode


Signal (Eb/No) = Required Eb/No Can Decode

User 1
User 1
Interference (No)
User 2 Interference (No)
3G Missing Neighbour Problem(Contd)

BS[1] BS[2]

RNC RNC
When the UE is in soft handover it receives TPC commands from all cells in its active set.

All of these commands are combined, yielding a single combined TPC command that tells the UE to
increase or decrease the transmit power

RNC RNC RNC RNC

Network takes advantage of having several simultaneous radio links


UL power of UE can be lowered reducing UL interference and increasing system capacity
Without Soft/Softer Handover
At the edge of the node-B
oUE entering a new cell area without being power controlled by others cells
oAt the edge UE would transmit on full power for UL.
oThe UE transmitting on full power would cause UL interference in other node-Bs.
oReducing the capacity of other node-Bs.

Protection from UEs becoming severe disturbers.


oIn 3GPP UE can report Detected Cells.
oIf the detected cell quality measure exceeds the quality measure of the best cell in the Active Set by
the amount of releaseConnOffset dBs
oConnection will be released in order to avoid the UE staying in that cell area without being power
controlled by the Power Control function of that cell.
Field Example

May Results in very bad Ec/No


Handovers in 3G consists of two parts
oEvaluation part
UEs designed to evaluate and send measurement reports to the system when certain events
occur.

Event
Triggered

MEASUREMENT CONTROL MESSAGE


measurement criteria

SRNC
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Event occurred
Measured cell
which cells fulfilled the event criteria
(X)
fulfilled the
threshold

Evaluation part triggers the corresponding handover execution part.


oExecution part.
performs the actual Handover
MEASUREMENT CONTROL MESSAGE

MEASUREMENT CONTROL MESSAGE


measurement criteria
SRNC

Hysteresis and Time to Trigger Concept


Due to fluctuations we need to limit the amount of event-triggered reports
In general, The condition to trigger the event is that

Meas. Signal > or < threshold +or (H/2)

During a time equal or greater than the corresponding time to trigger.


MEASUREMENT CONTROL MESSAGE
Filtering, Offsetting, and Weighting before Reporting
Filtering
measured values are filtered by the UE before comparing the result values with the event report
criteria. .

Where,
Fn Result of current measurement filter.
Fn-1 Result of last filter.
Mn Current measurement result.
a =1/2^(k/2) Filter coefficient calculated based on the filter factor K (FilterCoeff (Intra)).

Offsetting
Offset can be assigned to each cell. Either positive or negative,
Offset is added to the measurement quantity before the UE evaluates whether an event has
occurred or not.
The UE receives the cell offsets for each cell in the MEASUREMENT CONTROL message sent from
the SRNC to the UE.

Weighting
Weighting factor is used to include active set cells other than the best in evaluation criteria for
reporting events.
Soft/Softer Handover Events
Series of events are defined in 3GPP to trigger criteria for Soft/Softer(HO)
Event 1a (add)
o When a cell, not included in the Active Set, enters the reporting range.
Event 1b(delete)
oWhen a cell, included in the Active Set, leaves the reporting range,

Measurement
quantity
Event 1A Event 1b
P_CPICH
best cell

reportingRange1a

Hysteresis1a/2
Hysteresis1a/2
reportingRange1b
Hysteresis1b/2
Hysteresis1b/2

P_CPICH cell 1
TTT1b
TTT1a time
Soft/Softer Handover (Contd)
Event 1a condition

R1a:
Refers to the reporting range of Event 1A.
H1a:
Refers to the reporting hysteresis of Event 1A.
MNew:
Refers to measurement of the new cell outside the active set.
CIONew:
Offset of cell outside active set in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranRelation)).
Mi:
Refers to the mean measurement value of other cells except the best cell in active set.
NA:
Refers to the number of other cells except the best cell in active set.
MBest:
Refers to the measurement of the best cell in the active set.
W:
Weight proportion of the best cell to the rest cells in the active set in evaluation standards.

New NotAS bestcell AS R1a


Ec Ec H 1a
No No 2
Soft/Softer Handover (Contd)
Event 1b condition

R1b:
Refers to the reporting range of Event 1B.
H1b :
Refers to the reporting hysteresis of Event 1B.
MOld:
Refers to measurement of cell in the active set.
CIOOld:
Refers to offset of cell in active set in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranCell)).
Mi:
Refers to the mean measurement value of other cells except the best cell in active set.
NA:
Refers to the number of other cells except the best cell in active set.
MBest:
Refers to the measurement of the best cell in the active set.
W:
Refers to the weight proportion of the best cell to the rest cells in the active set in evaluation
standards.

old AS bestcell AS R1b


Ec Ec H 1b
No No 2
Soft/Softer Handover (Contd)
Event 1c
oWhen a cell, not included in the Active set, becomes stronger than the weakest cell in the Active
set,
oThe UE sends an event 1c report to the RNC. If the reported cell is :
Valid neighbor
Active Set is full
o Reported cell is proposed as a replacement for the weakest cell in the Active set.
Measurement Event 1C
quantity

AS Cell 1

AS Cell 2

Hysteresis1c/2
Hysteresis1c/2
AS Cell 3

Cell 4
TTT1C time
Soft/Softer Handover (Contd)
Event 1C condition

H1c
Refers to the reporting hysteresis of Event 1C.
MNew:
Refers to measurement of cell outside the active set.
MInAS:
Refers to the cell with poorest quality in the active set.
CIONew:
Refers to offset of cell outside the AS in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranRelation).
CIOInAS:
Refers to offset of cell with poorest quality in AS in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranCell)).

newnotAS Poorest AS
Ec Ec H 1c
No No 2
Soft/Softer Handover (Contd)

Event 1d
oWhen any (Active Set, Monitored set, and Detected) cell becomes stronger than the best cell in
the Active Set, during a time at least equal to timeToTrigger1d, event 1d occurs

Measurement
Event 1d
quantity AS Cell 1
AS Cell 2

Hysteresis1d/2
Hysteresis1d/2
AS Cell 3

time

Event 1d condition TTT1d

MNotBest:
Refers to the measurement of cell within or outside the active set.
CIONotBest:
Refers to the offset of cell within the active set (CellIndivOffset (utranCell)) or outside the active set
(CellIndivOffset (utranRelation)) in relation to other cells.
Soft/Softer Handover (Contd)

CIOBest:
Refers to offset of cell in the active set in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranCell)).
MBest:
Refers to the measurement of the cell in the active set.
H1d:
Refers to Event 1D report hysteresis

new _ notbest _ notAS / AS best _ AS


Ec Ec H 1d
No No 2
Soft/Softer Handover (Contd)

Summary

Event
Triggered
MEASUREMENT CONTROL MESSAGE
measurement criteria

MEASUREMENT REPORT
SRNC
Event occurred
Measured cell which cells fulfilled the event criteria
(X)
fulfilled the
threshold Evaluation RNC
Evaluates which cells should be proposed Evaluation

to be added, removed, or replaced in the Active Set

Radio Link Radio Link


Add/Removal/Replace Active Set Update Add/Removal/Replace

Active Set Update Complete


Execution
Take Action
INTER RAT HANDOVER (IRATHO) FROM
WCDMA TO GSM
3G to 2G handover

3G 3G 2G
INTER RAT
INTER RAT HANDOVER (IRATHO) FROM WCDMA TO GSM
Measurement Go back to 3G
Quantity
Start Compressed
Mode 2F event Go to 2G

2d event 3A event
Hysteresis 2F/2
2F threshold

UMTS Cell
2d Threshold

hysteresis2d/2
Hysteresis 3A/2

3A GSM Threshold

Hysteresis 3A/2

GSM Cell 3A UTRAN Threshold

Ec
3G _ Cell 3A UTRAN Threshold H 3A

No 2 Trigger Event 3A and 3G to 2G


& execution start
2G _ meas _ Cell 3A GSM Threshold H 3A

2
INTER RAT (Contd)
INTER RAT HANDOVER (IRATHO) FROM WCDMA TO GSM(Contd)

UE Node-B SRNC CN/UMSC Target BSS

Measurement Report (Event 2d)

evaluating the
report

Compressed Mode Control

Measurement control message


measurement criteria 3A Event

Measurement Report (Event 3A)

evaluating the
report

Relocation Required
GSM Handover Request

GSM Handover Request Ack


Relocation Command

Handover from UTRAN Command

GSM HO access

GSM Handover Complete

Connection Release
Dedicated radio link release
INTER Frequency HANDOVER
INTER Frequency HANDOVER
INTER Frequency HANDOVER
Measurement Go back to 3G
Quantity
Start Compressed
Mode 2F event Inter Freq HO
2d event 2b event
Hysteresis 2F/2% 2F threshold

Currently used frequency


2d Threshold

Hysteresis 2b/2

nonusedFreqThresh4_2b

Hysteresis 2b/2
Non-used frequency usedFreqThresh4_2b

Ec
Used _ Freq 2b_ Threshold Used_Freq H 2b

No 2 Trigger Event 2b and IF execution start


&
Ec
NonUsed _ Freq 2b_ Threshold NonUsed_Fr eq H 2b

No 2
INTER Frequency HANDOVER (Contd)
INTER Frequency HANDOVER(Contd)
Inter-frequency Handover sequence (Already in Compressed Mode)

MEASUREMENT CONTROL MESSAGE


SRNC measurement criteria (2B event)

Perform
Measured cell (X) Measurement
fulfilled the
threshold
UE Evaluation

MEASUREMENT REPORT
Event 2b

Physical Channel Reconfiguration

Execution
Take Action Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete

Radio Link Release


INTER Frequency HANDOVER (Contd)
INTER Frequency HANDOVER(Contd)
Inter-frequency Handover Tactic

Event 2A: The best carrier frequency changes.

Ec
NonBest
Ec
Best H 2A
No No 2

Event 2C: The quality of non-working carrier


frequency is higher than a threshold.

Ec
NonUsed 2C_ Threshold NonUsed H 3C

No 2
Compressed Mode
Compressed Mode
Certain idle periods are created in radio frames during which the UE can perform measurements on other
frequencies.

Compressed mode must be initiated for Inter-RAT/inter-frequency measurement.


Two different methods are used to create these idle periods
SF/2
HLS
Higher Layer Scheduling
The amount of data scheduled during compressed frames is reduced ,so that it can fit in the decreased
number of available slots.
Some timeslots in a radio frame are assigned for inter-frequency/Inter-RAT measurement and some are
assigned for data transmission.

This strategy is used for non-real time services with low requirements for delay,

Halving of Spreading Factor (SF)


Current SF = (Used SF )/2
Consume more radio resources to transmit the normal amount of user data.
Power
Code
Compressed Mode (Contd)
Radio Frame Radio Frame Radio Frame
Radio Frame
0 14 0 14 0 14 0 14

10 ms

Rc Chip Rate =3.84 Mcps

Number of Chips in the Framce= 3.84 Mcps * 10 ms


Number of Chips in TS= (3.84Mcps*10ms)/15 = 2560 chip

SF = Chip Rate/ Bit Rate

# Bits = # Chips / SF
Ex.1 SF=128 Ex. 2 SF= 64

# of bits =2560/128 =20 *2 = 40 bit # of bits =2560/64 =40 *2 =80 bit

With in the Frame 40*15 = 600 bit With in the Frame 80*7.5=600 bit
Compressed Mode (Contd)

Bad Level

Compressed
Mode

Handover from 3G
Power Control
Power

Eb
No
Eb

No
Ec
Freq

Eb C RC

No I Rb
Power

Signal (Eb/No) Eb/No = Eb/No Required

OK I can Decode
Interference (No)
1 Carrier (5MHz)

Power

Signal (Eb/No) Eb/No <Eb/No Required

Interference (No) Cant decode

1 Carrier (5MHz)
Power control is on Both links:-
DL power control ( Capacity issue )
UL power control ( Coverage issue )

DL power control (Capacity issue)


Power

Eb/No > Eb/No Required

Eb/No = Eb/No Required

1 Carrier (5MHz)

Power Interference Capacity


UL power control (coverage issue)

Power
Eb/No required

Freq.
Max TX power

Cell Breathing
WCDMA power control procedure consists of 3 Loops
1- Open-loop
2- Inner-loop
3- Outer-loop
UL Power Control
1- Open-loop power control(UL)
oAt beginning of a connection in order to provide initial power
oMS estimates an initial minimum required power
oIf no response received from Node-B, MS retries with a slightly higher power until
acknowledgement received
Power Ack

Pini
2- Inner-Loop Power Control (UL)
SIR received is compared to target SIR
SIR > Target SIR
Node-B send power control commands to MS to decrease its power to reach target
SIR< Target SIR
Node-B send power control commands to MS to increase its power to reach target
Note:
Power control commands reaches up to 1500 command per second able to over come fast
fading
3- Outer-Loop Power Control(UL)
BLER

BLER increase BLER Decrease


BLER > blerQualityTarget BLER < blerQualityTarget
SIR target is increased SIR target is decreased
hence sent power control commands hence sent power control commands
to MS to increase its power so that to MS to decrease its power (able to
BLER decreased achieve SIR target with lower power )

SIR Target
SIR Target

MS Power
MS Power
RNC BLER
RNC
BLER
1-Downlink Open Loop Power Control 2-Downlink Inner Loop Power Control

UL and DL Inner Loop Power Control aim to


maintain a required SIR target for
each connected UE.

3-Downlink Outer loop Power Control


Two alternative algorithms for Outer Loop Power control can be implemented.

Constant Step Regulator algorithm Jump Regulator algorithm

SIR target SIR target

BLER
ulSirStep
Ratio
ulSirStep

ulSirStep

BLER
BLER
CRC=OK CRC=OK CRC=OK CRC=not CRC=OK CRC=OK Time CRC=OK CRC=OK CRC=OK CRC=not CRC=OK CRC=OK Time
Each node-B in the active set listen to the same sequence of TPC commands from the UE.

Received TPC commands may be affected by different errors, due to the different radio propagation
conditions experienced by each of links.

Consequently, the transmitted power at different RBSs will start to drift

Power Balancing prevents this power drift problem

Power Drift

BS Power BS Power
Downlink Power Balancing is configured to work on an eight frame cycle.
At the beginning of the cycle reference power is calculated
Reference power = average of all Radio Link (RL) powers
Over the next eight frames the power of each RL is adjusted back to this reference

Reference value (average) Power Drift

BS Power

P(k) = P(k-1) + Pbal

RNC
Parameter dlPcMethod defines the selected Power Balancing method.

dlPcMethod Comment

FIXED Both Power Balancing and Inner Loop Power Control are disabled

NO BALANCING Downlink Inner Loop Power Control is active, but Power Balancing is never started

Downlink Inner Loop Power Control is always active.


One RLS inner loop power control ON
More than on RLS inner loop power control ON +Power balancing is ON
BALANCING

One RLS inner loop power control ON


FIXED More than on RLS inner loop power control OFF + Power balancing is ON
BALANCING

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