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Handover
Inter-System Handover
Handover from a CDMA system to an Analog or TDMA system
Traffic and Control Channels are Disconnected and must be Reconnected
Hard Handover
When the MS must change CDMA carrier frequency during the Handover
Traffic and Control Channels are Disconnected and must be Reconnected
Soft Handover
Unique to CDMA
During Handover, the MS has concurrent traffic connections with two BSs
Handover should be less noticeable
Softer Handover
Similar to Soft Handover, but between two sectors of the same cell
Handover is simplified since sectors have identical timing
Soft/Softer Handover
Soft/Softer Handover(Contd)
Soft Handover
Unique to CDMA
During Handover, the MS has concurrent traffic connections with two BSs
Handover should be less noticeable
Node-B 1 Node-B 2
Softer Handover
Similar to Soft Handover, but between two sectors of the same cell
Handover is simplified since sectors have identical timing
Node-B 1
Soft/Softer Handover(Contd)
Detected Neighbor
3G Cell1 3G Cell 2
User 2
User 1
User 1
Interference (No)
User 2 Interference (No)
3G Missing Neighbour Problem(Contd)
BS[1] BS[2]
RNC RNC
When the UE is in soft handover it receives TPC commands from all cells in its active set.
All of these commands are combined, yielding a single combined TPC command that tells the UE to
increase or decrease the transmit power
Event
Triggered
SRNC
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Event occurred
Measured cell
which cells fulfilled the event criteria
(X)
fulfilled the
threshold
Where,
Fn Result of current measurement filter.
Fn-1 Result of last filter.
Mn Current measurement result.
a =1/2^(k/2) Filter coefficient calculated based on the filter factor K (FilterCoeff (Intra)).
Offsetting
Offset can be assigned to each cell. Either positive or negative,
Offset is added to the measurement quantity before the UE evaluates whether an event has
occurred or not.
The UE receives the cell offsets for each cell in the MEASUREMENT CONTROL message sent from
the SRNC to the UE.
Weighting
Weighting factor is used to include active set cells other than the best in evaluation criteria for
reporting events.
Soft/Softer Handover Events
Series of events are defined in 3GPP to trigger criteria for Soft/Softer(HO)
Event 1a (add)
o When a cell, not included in the Active Set, enters the reporting range.
Event 1b(delete)
oWhen a cell, included in the Active Set, leaves the reporting range,
Measurement
quantity
Event 1A Event 1b
P_CPICH
best cell
reportingRange1a
Hysteresis1a/2
Hysteresis1a/2
reportingRange1b
Hysteresis1b/2
Hysteresis1b/2
P_CPICH cell 1
TTT1b
TTT1a time
Soft/Softer Handover (Contd)
Event 1a condition
R1a:
Refers to the reporting range of Event 1A.
H1a:
Refers to the reporting hysteresis of Event 1A.
MNew:
Refers to measurement of the new cell outside the active set.
CIONew:
Offset of cell outside active set in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranRelation)).
Mi:
Refers to the mean measurement value of other cells except the best cell in active set.
NA:
Refers to the number of other cells except the best cell in active set.
MBest:
Refers to the measurement of the best cell in the active set.
W:
Weight proportion of the best cell to the rest cells in the active set in evaluation standards.
R1b:
Refers to the reporting range of Event 1B.
H1b :
Refers to the reporting hysteresis of Event 1B.
MOld:
Refers to measurement of cell in the active set.
CIOOld:
Refers to offset of cell in active set in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranCell)).
Mi:
Refers to the mean measurement value of other cells except the best cell in active set.
NA:
Refers to the number of other cells except the best cell in active set.
MBest:
Refers to the measurement of the best cell in the active set.
W:
Refers to the weight proportion of the best cell to the rest cells in the active set in evaluation
standards.
AS Cell 1
AS Cell 2
Hysteresis1c/2
Hysteresis1c/2
AS Cell 3
Cell 4
TTT1C time
Soft/Softer Handover (Contd)
Event 1C condition
H1c
Refers to the reporting hysteresis of Event 1C.
MNew:
Refers to measurement of cell outside the active set.
MInAS:
Refers to the cell with poorest quality in the active set.
CIONew:
Refers to offset of cell outside the AS in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranRelation).
CIOInAS:
Refers to offset of cell with poorest quality in AS in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranCell)).
newnotAS Poorest AS
Ec Ec H 1c
No No 2
Soft/Softer Handover (Contd)
Event 1d
oWhen any (Active Set, Monitored set, and Detected) cell becomes stronger than the best cell in
the Active Set, during a time at least equal to timeToTrigger1d, event 1d occurs
Measurement
Event 1d
quantity AS Cell 1
AS Cell 2
Hysteresis1d/2
Hysteresis1d/2
AS Cell 3
time
MNotBest:
Refers to the measurement of cell within or outside the active set.
CIONotBest:
Refers to the offset of cell within the active set (CellIndivOffset (utranCell)) or outside the active set
(CellIndivOffset (utranRelation)) in relation to other cells.
Soft/Softer Handover (Contd)
CIOBest:
Refers to offset of cell in the active set in relation to other cells (CellIndivOffset (utranCell)).
MBest:
Refers to the measurement of the cell in the active set.
H1d:
Refers to Event 1D report hysteresis
Summary
Event
Triggered
MEASUREMENT CONTROL MESSAGE
measurement criteria
MEASUREMENT REPORT
SRNC
Event occurred
Measured cell which cells fulfilled the event criteria
(X)
fulfilled the
threshold Evaluation RNC
Evaluates which cells should be proposed Evaluation
3G 3G 2G
INTER RAT
INTER RAT HANDOVER (IRATHO) FROM WCDMA TO GSM
Measurement Go back to 3G
Quantity
Start Compressed
Mode 2F event Go to 2G
2d event 3A event
Hysteresis 2F/2
2F threshold
UMTS Cell
2d Threshold
hysteresis2d/2
Hysteresis 3A/2
3A GSM Threshold
Hysteresis 3A/2
Ec
3G _ Cell 3A UTRAN Threshold H 3A
2
INTER RAT (Contd)
INTER RAT HANDOVER (IRATHO) FROM WCDMA TO GSM(Contd)
evaluating the
report
evaluating the
report
Relocation Required
GSM Handover Request
GSM HO access
Connection Release
Dedicated radio link release
INTER Frequency HANDOVER
INTER Frequency HANDOVER
INTER Frequency HANDOVER
Measurement Go back to 3G
Quantity
Start Compressed
Mode 2F event Inter Freq HO
2d event 2b event
Hysteresis 2F/2% 2F threshold
Hysteresis 2b/2
nonusedFreqThresh4_2b
Hysteresis 2b/2
Non-used frequency usedFreqThresh4_2b
Ec
Used _ Freq 2b_ Threshold Used_Freq H 2b
No 2
INTER Frequency HANDOVER (Contd)
INTER Frequency HANDOVER(Contd)
Inter-frequency Handover sequence (Already in Compressed Mode)
Perform
Measured cell (X) Measurement
fulfilled the
threshold
UE Evaluation
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Event 2b
Execution
Take Action Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete
Ec
NonBest
Ec
Best H 2A
No No 2
Ec
NonUsed 2C_ Threshold NonUsed H 3C
No 2
Compressed Mode
Compressed Mode
Certain idle periods are created in radio frames during which the UE can perform measurements on other
frequencies.
This strategy is used for non-real time services with low requirements for delay,
10 ms
# Bits = # Chips / SF
Ex.1 SF=128 Ex. 2 SF= 64
With in the Frame 40*15 = 600 bit With in the Frame 80*7.5=600 bit
Compressed Mode (Contd)
Bad Level
Compressed
Mode
Handover from 3G
Power Control
Power
Eb
No
Eb
No
Ec
Freq
Eb C RC
No I Rb
Power
OK I can Decode
Interference (No)
1 Carrier (5MHz)
Power
1 Carrier (5MHz)
Power control is on Both links:-
DL power control ( Capacity issue )
UL power control ( Coverage issue )
1 Carrier (5MHz)
Power
Eb/No required
Freq.
Max TX power
Cell Breathing
WCDMA power control procedure consists of 3 Loops
1- Open-loop
2- Inner-loop
3- Outer-loop
UL Power Control
1- Open-loop power control(UL)
oAt beginning of a connection in order to provide initial power
oMS estimates an initial minimum required power
oIf no response received from Node-B, MS retries with a slightly higher power until
acknowledgement received
Power Ack
Pini
2- Inner-Loop Power Control (UL)
SIR received is compared to target SIR
SIR > Target SIR
Node-B send power control commands to MS to decrease its power to reach target
SIR< Target SIR
Node-B send power control commands to MS to increase its power to reach target
Note:
Power control commands reaches up to 1500 command per second able to over come fast
fading
3- Outer-Loop Power Control(UL)
BLER
SIR Target
SIR Target
MS Power
MS Power
RNC BLER
RNC
BLER
1-Downlink Open Loop Power Control 2-Downlink Inner Loop Power Control
BLER
ulSirStep
Ratio
ulSirStep
ulSirStep
BLER
BLER
CRC=OK CRC=OK CRC=OK CRC=not CRC=OK CRC=OK Time CRC=OK CRC=OK CRC=OK CRC=not CRC=OK CRC=OK Time
Each node-B in the active set listen to the same sequence of TPC commands from the UE.
Received TPC commands may be affected by different errors, due to the different radio propagation
conditions experienced by each of links.
Power Drift
BS Power BS Power
Downlink Power Balancing is configured to work on an eight frame cycle.
At the beginning of the cycle reference power is calculated
Reference power = average of all Radio Link (RL) powers
Over the next eight frames the power of each RL is adjusted back to this reference
BS Power
RNC
Parameter dlPcMethod defines the selected Power Balancing method.
dlPcMethod Comment
FIXED Both Power Balancing and Inner Loop Power Control are disabled
NO BALANCING Downlink Inner Loop Power Control is active, but Power Balancing is never started