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CAUSES OF URINARY

RETENTION
Penile-Urethra

Congenital Urethral Valves


Phimosis or pinhole meatus
Circumcision
Obstruction in the urethra, for example a stricture (usually caused either by injury or
STD), a metastasis or a precipitated pseudogout crystal in the urine

Oxford Handbook of urology, 2011


Prostate

BPH
Prostate cancer and other pelvic malignancy
Prostatitis

Oxford Handbook of urology, 2011


Bladder

Detrusor Sphincter Dyssnergia


Neurogenic bladder (commonly pelvic splanchic nerve damage, cauda equina
syndrome, descending cortical fibers lesion, pontine micturition or storage center
lesions, or parkinson dissease)
Iatrogenic (caused by medical treatment/procedure) scarring of the bladder neck
(commonly from removal of indwelling catheter or cystoscopy operations)
Damage to the bladder

Oxford Handbook of urology, 2011


Other

Tethered Spinal Cord syndrome


Physogenic causes (psychosocial stresses, fear associated with urination)
Use of NSAIDs or drugs with Anticholinergic properties.
Stones or metastases can theoretically appear anywhere along the urinary tract, but
vary in frequency depending on anatomy
Muscarinic antagonist such as Atropine and Scolopamine

Oxford Handbook of urology, 2011

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