Parts of the body

Parts of the body

Most external parts of the body have ordinary

English names as well as anatomical names.
Doctors normally use the English names, even
when talking to each other.
There are a few exceptions where doctors use
the anatomical name; these are shown in
brackets below.
1. jaw (mandible)
2. neck
3. shoulder
4. armpit (axilla)
5. upper arm
6. elbow
7. back
8. buttock
9. wrist
10.thigh
 Calf
Leg
chest (thorax)
breast
stomach, tummy (abdomen)
navel (umbilicus)
hip
groin (inguinal region)
knee (patella = kneecap)
shin
 Limb means arm (upper limb) or leg (lower
limb). The trunk is the body excluding the
head and limbs.
Referring to parts of the body

When patients speak about their problem

they often refer to a part of the body:

Im having trouble Hip

with my Shoulder
knee
 The doctor often needs to ask about a part of
the body:

Do you get any pain in the chest?

your Stomach?
Back?
Describing radiation of pain
A patient is telling the doctor about his back
pain and the parts of the body it radiates to.

It starts in the back. Then it seems to go into the

right buttock and down the back of the right
thigh to the knee.
Grammar
Simple Past
The simple past is used to talk about activities or
situation that began and ended in the past.
Most simple past verbs are formed by adding ed
to a verb.
Some verbs have irregular past forms.
The simple past forms of be are was and were.
If the sentence contains when and has the simple
past in both clauses, the action in the when
clause happens first.
Example:
Mary walked downtown yesterday.
Bob stayed home two days ago.

I slept for eight hours last night.

I ate breakfast this morning.

I was busy yesterday.

They were at home last night.

When I dropped my cup, the coffee spilled on my

lap.
Formulas
Statement
S + V2 + adverb of time
S + was/were + adverb of time
Negative
S + did + not + V1 + adverb of time
S + was/were + not + adverb
Question
Did / Was / Were + S + V1 / adverb + ?
Answer
Yes + S + did/was/were
No + S + didnt / wasnt / werent
Simple Present Perfect

The present perfect expresses the idea that

something happened (or never happened) before
now, at an unspecified time in the past. The exact
time it happened is not important. Adverb never,
already, yet, ever, still, just are frequently used
with the present perfect.
The present perfect also expresses the repetition
of an activity before now. The exact time of each
repetition is not important.
The present perfect, when used with for and
since, also expresses a situation that begin in the
past and continues to the present.
Example:

They have moved into a new apartment.

Jack hasnt seen it yet.
I have flown on an airplane many times.
She has written her husband a letter every other day
for the last two weeks.
I have liked cowboy movies ever since I was a child
I have known them for many years.
NOTE
Since + a particular time
For + a duration of time
THE DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN PAST
TENSE AND PRESENT PERFECT
The simple past expresses an activity that
occured at specific time (or times) in the past.
for is used in a time expression, it expresses an
activity that begun and ended in the past.
The present perfect expresses an activity that
occured at an unspecified time (or times) in the
past.
for or since expresses an activity that began
in the past and continuouse to the present
Example
I finished my work two hours ago.
I have already finished my work.

I was in Europe last year.

I have been in Europe many times.

Bobby was in Miami for two weeks.

Bobby has been in Miami for two weeks/since
April first.