Reluctance Motor

SINGLE PHASE, SYNCHRONOUS, NON-EXCITED

GUALDRAPA, JAN NEXON Y. ECE4B
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which, at steady state, the rotation
of the shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the supply current; the rotation
period is exactly equal to an integral number of AC cycles.
A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor distinguished by a rotor spinning with
coils passing magnets at the same rate as the alternating current and resulting
magnetic field which drives it
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR TYPES:

Non-excited:
-Synchronous
-Hysteresis

DC Excited:
NON-EXCITED SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR:
In non-excited motors, the rotor is made of steel. At
synchronous speed it rotates in step with the rotating
magnetic field of the stator, so it has an almost-constant
magnetic field through it. The external stator field
magnetizes the rotor, inducing the magnetic poles
needed to turn it. The rotor is made of a high-retentivity
steel such as cobalt steel, These are manufactured in
permanent magnet, reluctance and hysteresis designs:
WHAT IS A RELUCTANCE MOTOR
is a type of electric motor that induces non-permanent magnetic
poles on the ferromagnetic rotor. The rotor does not have any
windings. Torque is generated through the phenomenon
of magnetic reluctance.
The projections on the rotor are arranged to introduce
internal flux barriers, holes which direct the magnetic flux
along the so-called direct axis. Typical pole numbers are 4
and 6.
As the rotor is operating at synchronous speed and there are
no current-conducting parts in the rotor, rotor losses are
minimal compared to those of an induction motor.
Once started at synchronous speed, the motor can operate
with sinusoidal voltage.
CONSTRUCTION:
- A STATOR CARRYING A SINGLE PHASE WINDING ALONG
WITH AN AUX WINDING TO PRODUCE A SYNCHRONOUS
REVOLVING MAGNETIC FIELD.
-A SQUIRREL-CAGE ROTOR HAVING UNSYMMETRICAL
MAGNETIC CONSTRUCTION, THIS IS ACHIEVED BY
SYMMETRICALLY REMOVING SOME OF THE TEETH FROM
THE SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR TO PRODUCE SALIENT POLES
ON THE ROTOR. THE SALIENT POLES CREATED ON THE
ROTOR MUST BE EQUAL TO THE POLES ON THE STATOR.
NOTE THAT ROTOR SALIENT POLES OFFER LOW
RELUCTANCE TO THE STATOR FLUX AND THEREFOR
BECOME STRONGLY MAGNETIZED.
OPERATION:
Typically there are fewer rotor than stator poles to
minimize torque ripple and to prevent the poles from all
aligning simultaneouslya position which cannot generate
torque. The size of the air gap in the magnetic circuit and thus
the reluctance is minimum when the poles are aligned with
the (rotating) magnetic field of the stator, and increases with
the angle between them. This creates a torque pulling the
rotor into alignment with the nearest pole of the stator field.
Thus at synchronous speed the rotor is "locked" to the rotating
stator field. This cannot start the motor, so the rotor poles
usually have squirrel-cage windings embedded in them, to
provide torque below synchronous speed. The machine starts
as an induction motor until it approaches synchronous speed,
when the rotor "pulls in" and locks to the rotating stator field.
 -CONSEQUENTLY, THE MOTOR WILL CONTINUE TO RUN AT THE SPEED
OF THE REVOLVING FLUX I.E., AT THE SYNCHRONOUS SPEED.
ADVANTAGES:
Simple construction- no brushes, commutator, or
permanent magnets, no Cu or Al in the rotor.
High efficiency and reliability compared to conventional
AC or DC motors.
High starting torque.
Cost effective compared to brushless DC motor in high
volumes.
Adaptable to very high ambient temperature.
Low cost accurate speed control possible if volume is
high enough.
High speed capability
DISADVANTAGES:

Current versus torque is highly nonlinear

Phase switching must be precise to minimize ripple
torque
Phase current must be controlled to minimize ripple
torque
Acoustic and electrical noise
Not applicable to low volumes due to complex control
issues
QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED:

HOW TO CHANGE DIRECTION OF MOTOR?

Changing the phase sequence will reverse the motor rotational
direction.

CAN THE SPEED BE VARIED?

Speed control requires a variable-frequency drive.
A variable-frequency drive (VFD; also termed adjustable-frequency
drive, variable speed drive, AC drive, micro drive or inverter drive) is a
type of adjustable-speed drive used in electro-mechanical drive
systems to control AC motor speed and torque by varying motor
input frequency and voltage.
 SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS?
-Low-power applications include positioning machines, where high
precision is required, and robot actuators.
-Synchronous motors find applications in all industrial applications
where constant speed is necessary.
-Analog electric meters.
-Some washing machine designs.
-Control rod drive mechanisms of nuclear reactors.
-Hard disk drive motor
-Improving the power factor as Synchronous condensers.