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The Evolution of TDMA to

3G & 4G Wireless Systems


AT&T Wireless Services
AT&T serves over 14 million subscribers with digital
TDMA technology and some remaining analog technology,
and provides packet data service with CDPD technology
• TDMA
– European GSM over 250 million
– North American TDMA ~ 50 million
– Japanese PDC ~ 50 million
• CDMA
– North American CDMA ~ 60 million (including S. Korea)

Other TDMA operators


- Rogers AT&T
- Cingular (SBC & BellSouth)
- throughout Mexico, Central & South America
Cellular Telephony Handsets

Nokia Nokia Ericsson Motorola


5160 8860 PD 328 StarTAC®
ST7790 Phone

Various TDMA phones available today


TDMA parameters
• 30 KHz channels (like analog & CDPD)
• 20 msec speech frames
• 24.3 kbaud symbol rate
• 3 time-slots/users
• 7.4 kbps ACELP speech coding
• 1/2-rate channel coding on important bits
interleaved over 2 bursts in 40 msec
• Differential pi/4-QPSK modulation
TDMA Capacity Roadmap
2000 2001 2002

Reuse N = 7 N=5 N=4

◆Dual band base ◆Smart Antennas


• Operation at 800 or 1900 MHz. • Base station antennas systems that
Calls can be set up on either use digital signal processing to
frequency band and handed cancel interference
between them to manage traffic
• Additional spectrum at 1900 MHz
adds directly to capacity of cell

◆Dynamic Channel Assignment


• Network automatically assigns radio frequencies
to cell sites for more efficient utilization of
frequencies
◆Base Station Power Control
• Base stations only transmit power required to
reach mobile with adequate signal quality
resulting in lower interference
◆Discontinuous Transmission
• Mobiles transmit only during when user is speaking.
Lowers interference in the system and increases talk
time
IS-136 Smart Antenna Test Bed

•Reuse of 3/9 to 4/12, instead of 7/21, approximately 2x capacity


•Two dual polarization uplink antennas, downlink multibeam
antenna with 4 - 30° beams
•Shared linear power amplifier unit with Butler matrices
•Real-time downlink power control with beam tracking
Wireless Data Terminals

Nokia
Sierra PCMCIA The new
Nokia 9110 Ericsson R380 3G vision
CDPD Modem phone, which
features
3COM
wireless data
functions
Palm VII
WIRELESS COMPUTING
WIRELESS INTERNET
GROWTH GROWTH

- web access
- e-mail
- file transfer
- location services
- streaming audio
& video

RF & DIGITAL MOBILE


TECHNOLOGY SOFTWARE
Macrocellular Wireless Data Evolution
& AT&T’s Roadmap
5M Wideband
OFDM
1M
HDR
data 384 k EDGE
rate WCDMA
GPRS
64 k IS-136+
IS-95+
PDC
9.6 k GSM IS-136
CDPD IS-95

1995 2000 2005


EDGE Technology
Enhanced Data-rates for Global Evolution
• Evolutionary path to 3G services for GSM and TDMA
operators
• Builds on General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) air
interface and networks
• Phase 1 (Release’99 & 2002 deployment) supports best
effort packet data at speeds up to about 384 kbps
• Phase 2 (Release’2000 & 2003 deployment) will add
Voice over IP capability
GPRS Airlink
• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
• Same GMSK modulation as GSM
• 4 channel coding modes
• Packet-mode supporting up to about 144 kbps
• Flexible time slot allocation (1-8)
• Radio resources shared dynamically between speech
and data services
• Independent uplink and downlink resource allocation
EDGE Airlink
• Extends GPRS packet data with adaptive modulation/coding
• 2x spectral efficiency of GPRS for best effort data
• 8-PSK/GMSK at 271 ksps in 200 KHz RF channels supports 8.8
to 59.2 kbps per time slot
• Supports peak rates over 384 kbps
• Requires linear amplifiers with < 3 dB peak to average power
ratio using linearized GMSK pulses
• Initial deployment with less than 2x 1 MHz using 1/3 reuse with
EDGE Compact as a complementary data service
GPRS Networks
• consists of packet wireless access network and IP-based backbone
• shares mobility databases with circuit voice services and adds new
packet switching nodes (SGSN & GGSN)
• will support GPRS, EDGE & WCDMA airlinks
• provides an access to packet data networks
– Internet
– X.25
• provides services to different mobile classes ranging from 1-slot to 8-
slot capable
• radio resources shared dynamically between speech and data
services
Compact vs Classic
• Classic
– 4/12 reuse
– continuous downlinks on first 12 carriers
– 2.4 MHz x2 minimum spectrum
• Compact
– 1/3 reuse in space
– frame synchronized base stations
– reuse of 4 in time for control channels
– partial loading for traffic channels
– discontinuous downlinks
– 600 KHz x2 minimum spectrum
EDGE Channel Coding and Frame Structure
Burst N
Convolutional
464 bits Coding Puncture Interleave Burst N+1 348 bits/
1 data block Rate = 1/3 burst
Length = 7 1392 bits 1392 bits
Burst N+2

156.25 8PSK Burst Burst N+3


Modulate Format
symbols/slot
468.75 bits 348 bits

20 msec frame with 4 time-slots for each of 8 bearers

8 Time Slots
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 Time Slot = 576.92 µs

Tail Data Training Data Tail Guard


symbols symbols symbols symbols symbols symbols
3 58 26 58 3 8.25

Modulation: 8PSK, 3 bits/symbol


Symbol rate: 270.833 ksps
Payload/burst: 348 bits
Gross bit rate/time slot: 69.6 kbps - overhead = 59.2 kbps user data
EDGE Modulation, Channel Coding & Bit Rates

Scheme Modulation Maximum Code Rate Family


rate [kb/s]

MCS-9 8PSK 59.2 1.0 A


MCS-8 54.4 0.92 A
MCS-7 44.8 0.76 B
MCS-6 29.6 0.49 A
MCS-5 22.4 0.37 B
MCS-4 GMSK 17.6 1.0 C
MCS-3 14.8 0.80 A
MCS-2 11.2 0.66 B
MCS-1 8.8 0.53 C
EDGE Link Throughput

9
EDGE Compact System Performance
Probability throughput < = X per timeslot Probability packet delay < = X

100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
% 50 % 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
X (kb/s) X (msec)

26 users/sector at 3.5 kbps average load per user


EDGE Classic Multi-slot Gain
Average User Throughput (kb/s)

300
250
single-slot
200
150 Multi-slot

100
50
0
9 18 27 36 45

Ave. # of users per sector


EDGE Evolution
• Best effort IP packet data on EDGE
• Voice over IP on EDGE circuit bearers
• Network based intelligent resource assignment
• Smart antennas & adaptive antennas
• Downlink speeds at several Mbps based on wideband
OFDM and/or multiple virtual channels
VoIP over EDGE Bearer Performance
• Focused on GMSK full-rate & 8PSK half-rate EDGE channels with
dedicated MAC & random frequency hopping for 7.4 kbps voice coding

55
7.2 MHz Spectrum 50
50

45

40
35
Normalized voice capacity

35
(Erlang/Site/MHz)

30 29
30

25
20
20

15
11 10
10
7
5

0
Baseline Enhanced

GSM IS-136 EGPRS/GMSK/F EGPRS/8PSK/H

* 1/3 reuse
* no shadow fading change due to mobility *This assumes 30 mph vehicle speed for micro fading
*Signal-based power control is assumed for baseline EGRPS * SINR-based power control with adaptive target
*SINR-based power control & LI-DCA assumed for enhanced
Smart Antennas for EDGE
• Key enhancement technique to improve system capacity and user experience
• Leverage Smart Antennas currently in development/deployment for IS-136 & GSM

Uplink Adaptive Antenna


SIGNAL

SIGNAL
OUTPUT
INTERFERENCE

BEAMFORMER
WEIGHTS

Downlink Switched Beam Antenna

SIGNAL

BEAMFORMER
BEAM SIGNAL
SELECT OUTPUT

Aggressive frequency re-use ⇒


High spectrum efficiency ⇒
INTERFERENCE
Increased co-channel interference
Smart antennas provide substantial interference
suppression for enhanced performance
EDGE Smart Antenna Processing
Dual Diversity Receiver Using DDFSE for Joint ISI Viterbi
Output
and CCI Suppression Data Decoder

Deinter-
Receiver leaver

Feed-forward Soft Output


Rx Rx Filter Filter
DDFSE
Symbol Timing Equalizer
and Recovery
Feed-forward
Rx Rx Filter Filter
Equalizer
Training

• Simulation results show a 15 to 30


Jack Winters dBimprovement in S/I with 2 receive
antennas
Hanks Zeng
Ashutosh Dixit • Real-time EDGE Test Bed supports
laboratory and field tests to demonstrate
improved performance
EDGE 2-Branch Smart Antenna Performance
Laboratory Tests
EDGE MCS-5 with Interference Suppression in a
Typical Urban Environment

20 dB SNR

Block Error Rate

Signal-to-Interference Ratio (dB)

Laboratory results show a 15 to 30 dB improvement


in S/I with 2 receive antennas
Improvement with Terminal Diversity and
Interference Suppression: User Experience
Prob. (throughput <=X) (%)
100
Prototype Dual Antenna
Handset 90
80
External Whip 70
Internal Patch 60
50
40 No Diversity
30 Simple
20 Diversity
Interference
10 Suppression
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Multi-cell EDGE Compact Simulation X (kb/s)
- 1/3 reuse
- 18 users per sector
- 3.5 kbps average load per user

Typical user throughput increased from 30 to 45 kbps per time-slot


4G Wireless: One View

• 4G WOFDM high speed downlink “a


wireless cable modem”

• Complement to EDGE/UMTS
• spectrum - 500 MHz to 3 GHz
• High peak data rates (up to 10 Mb/s) • 3G EDGE/WCDMA network for uplink, downlink,
in a 5 MHz channel control and signalling
Path Loss and Fading Challenge

Reflected signals
arrive spread out
Delay over 5 to 20
Spread microsecond

Path
Loss
path loss up to
~ 150 dB
(that is a 1 followed
by 15 zeroes)

Rayleigh
Fading
rapid fading of 20 to 30 dB
(power varies by 100 to 1000 times
in level at rates of about 100 times per second)
Cellular Interference Challenge
Each base station is equipped
1 with three 120 degree directional
antennas to reduce interference
Cumulative Probability

& improve capacity

0.1 1|3 reuse


2|6 reuse
3|9 reuse
4|12 reuse
0.01 7/21 reuse

0.001
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25

Signal to Interference ratio in dB


AT&T Labs-Research Work on 4G
• Smart antennas
• Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Systems
• Space-Time Coding
• Dynamic Packet Assignment
• Wideband OFDM
MIMO Radio Channel Measurements

• Multiple antennas at both the base station and terminal can significantly increase data
rates with sufficient multipath
• Ability to separate signals from closely spaced antennas has been demonstrated
indoors and in AT&T-Lucent IS-136 field trial
• Lucent has demonstrated 26 bps/Hz in 30 kHz channel with 8 Tx and 12 Rx antennas
indoors
• AT&T has performed measurements on 4 Tx by 4 Rx antenna configurations in full
mobile & outdoor to indoor environments
MIMO Channel Measurement System

Transmitter Receive System


• 4 antennas mounted on a laptop • Dual-polarized slant 45° PCS antennas separated by
• 4 coherent 1 Watt 1900 MHz transmitters 10 feet and fixed multibeam antenna with 4 - 30° beams
with synchronous waveform generator • 4 coherent 1900 MHz receivers with real-time baseband
processing using 4 TI TMS320C40 DSPs
MIMO Measured Channel Capacity
Potential Capacity Relative to a Single Antenna System

• Capacity increase close to 4 times that of a single antenna is possible


with 4 transmit and 4 receive antennas
• Capacity for pedestrians is similar to mobile users
Performance Measure

• Complex channel measurement: H = [ H ij ] for the ith


transmit and jth receive antenna
• Capacity (instantaneous and averaged over 1 second)
for 4 TX by 4 RX:
C = log2(det[I + (ρ /4)H†H]) = ∑ log2(1 + (ρ /4)λ i)
where ρ is the total signal-to-noise ratio per antenna and
λ i is the ith eigenvalue of H†H
• To eliminate the effect of shadow fading, the capacity is
normalized to the average capacity with a single
antenna:
Cn = ∑ log2(1 + (ρ /4)λ i) / (1/16) ∑ log2(1 + ρ Hij )
Multiple Input Multiple Output Wireless
• RX diversity - HF, terrestrial microwave, cellular….
• TX frequency offset diversity & simulcasting for paging - 70’s
• Adaptive array processing in military systems
• TX diversity - 80’s
– frequency offset (channel decoding combining)
– delay (equalizer combining)
• Optimum combining for cellular (multipath channels) - 80’s
• Space-division multiple access - 80’s & 90’s
– angle-of-arrival based
– multi-path based (supports co-location & multi-channels per user)
• MIMO - 80’s & 90’s
– Multiple spatial channels using adaptive antenna arrays
– BLAST - successive interference cancellation combined with coding
– Space-Time coding
Space-Time Coding

How do you enhance TX delay diversity ( a repetition code)?


Multiple Antennas increase System
Capacity

• MIMO (BLAST & space-time coding) techniques increase bit rate and/or
quality on a link by creating multiple channels and/or enhancing diversity
• Switched/steered beam antennas for base stations and interference
suppression/adaptive antennas for terminals reduce interference,
increasing system capacity
OFDM for 4G Wireless
~ 6 kHz
• OFDM is being increasingly used in
~ 800 high -speed information transmission
tones
systems:
- European HDTV
- Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB)
- Digital Subscriber Loop (DSL)
~ 5 MHz
- IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN

Mobile OFDM parameters: ex.


5 MHz channels
~ 6 KHz tones
~ 13/26 MHz sample rate
2048 FFT size (160 usec OFDM blocks)
256/512 sample OFDM block guard time
QPSK & 16-QAM modulation adaptive modulation/coding
1 to 2 msec time-slots in 20 to 40 msec frames
OFDM Characteristics
• High peak-to-average power levels
• Preservation of orthogonality in severe multi-path
• Efficient FFT based receiver structures
• Enables efficient TX and RX diversity
• Adaptive antenna arrays without joint equalization
• Support for adaptive modulation by subcarrier
• Frequency diversity
• Robust against narrow-band interference
• Efficient for simulcasting
• Variable/dynamic bandwidth
• Used for highest speed applications
• Supports dynamic packet access
OFDM Robust Channel Estimation

FFT
received data
signals
FFT

synch word
remove
data
Estimator 1
. .
. .
IFFT . . FFT
2-branch
maximal-ratio .
.
.
.
. .
combining
Estimator 2
. . . . . .
WOFDM 2-Branch Diversity Performance

1
Word Error Rate

0.1
CC, k=9
CC, k=3
RS
0.01

0.001
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SNR (dB)
Spectrum Efficiency
1
0.9 Synch CDMA
0.8
0.7
0.6 Dynamic Channel
0.5 Allocation with
Efficiency Power Control
0.4
0.3
Dynamic Channel
0.2
Allocation
0.1
0
5 7.5 10 12.5 15

SNR (dB)
Source: G. J. Pottie, IEEE Personal Communications, pp. 50-67, October 1995

Efficiency: IS-136 0.04; IS-95 0.07; GSM 0.04


Dynamic Packet Assignment
2. Mobile sends measurements
of path losses for nearby bases
to serving base

4. Bases assign
channels to all
packets/mobiles

5. Bases forward
1. Mobile locks to channel assignment
the STRONGEST info to nearby
base 3. Serving base bases
forwards
measurements
to nearby bases

~ 50 % improvement in performance
Wideband OFDM Staggered Frame
Superframe Superframe
80 ms 80 ms
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 .....
Frame
20 ms

Control Slots 16 resources in 1 msec time-slots Control Slots .....

4 ms

20 OFDM
Blocks

5 Blocks 5 Blocks 5 Blocks 5 Blocks


group A group B group C group D

2B 1B 2B
data Sync & data data
WOFDM Performance with Dynamic
Packet Assignment & 5 MHz of Spectrum
120
MR, No beam-forming
IS, No beam-forming
Ave. User Packet Delay (msec)

100 MR, Four beams per sector


IS, Four beams per sector
80

60

40

20

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Throughput per site (kb/s)


OFDM Experimental Program

• Baseband signal processing based on commercial off-the-shelf


DSP hardware with some custom designed components
• Sony-provided 1900 MHz transceivers
• Real-time performance measured through RF channel fading simulator
• Phase 1 parameters:
- >384 kb/s end user data rate
- 800 kHz downlink bandwidth
- GSM-derived clocks (2.166 MHz sample rate with 512 FFT)
- 3.467 kbaud
- 189 OFDM tones with 4.232 kHz tone spacing
- differential detection
- Reed-Solomon channel coding
“Typical Urban” channel

800 kHz

RF A/D FFT
Erasure Data
Demodulator Decoder
detection Intf
RF A/D FFT
OFDM receiver
Summary: Key Features of 4G W-OFDM
• IP packet data centric
• Support for streaming, simulcasting & generic data
• Peak downlink rates of 5 to 10 Mbps
• Full macro-cellular/metropolitan coverage
• Asymmetric with 3G uplinks (EDGE)
• Variable bandwidth - 1 to 5 MHz
• Adaptive modulation/coding
• Smart/adaptive antennas supported
• MIMO/BLAST/space-time coding modes
• Frame synchronized base stations using GPS
• Network assisted dynamic packet assignment

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