Elastic Properties

Stress ( ) is related to the force causing the

deformation
Strain ( ) is a measure of the degree of deformation
The elastic modulus is the constant of proportionality
between stress and strain
For sufficiently small stresses, the stress is directly
proportional to the strain
The constant of proportionality depends on the
material being deformed and the nature of the
deformation
The elastic modulus can be thought of as the
stiffness of the material
Elastic modulus stress
strain
12-7 Elastic properties of solids

Definitions of Stress and Strain.

Stress: Force per unit cross sectional area.
Strain: Measure of the degree of
deformation.
These two quantities are related by the
following equation that defines the modulus
stress = modulus x strain
of elasticity:

Lecture notes by Dr. M. 27-Nov-17 2/21

S. Kariapper KFUPM -
12-7 Elastic properties of solids
We will consider three types of deformations and define an elastic
modulus for each.
1. Change in length. YOUNGS MODULUS, E measures the resistance
of a solid to a change in its length.
2. Shearing. SHEAR MODULUS, G measures the resistance to
shearing.
3. Change in volume. BULK MODULUS, B measures the resistance to
changes in volume.

Lecture notes by Dr. M. 27-Nov-17 3/21

S. Kariapper KFUPM -
Youngs modulus, E

Tension or compression

Note the force F is

perpendicular to area A

Youngs modulus,
E: tensile stress F/A
E
Lecture notes by Dr. M.
S. Kariapper KFUPM - tensile strain L / Li
27-Nov-17 4/21
 Youngs Modulus: Elasticity in Length

Tensile stress is the ratio of the

external force to the cross-
sectional area
For both tension and
compression
The elastic modulus is called
Youngs modulus
SI units of stress are Pascals, Pa
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
The tensile strain is the ratio of
the change in length to the
original length
Strain is dimensionless F/A
Y tensile stress
tensile strain L / L0
 Solid are not infinitely rigid, solids will always
deform if a force is applied
All objects are deformable, i.e. It is possible to change
the shape or size (or both) of an object through the
application of external forces
Sometimes when the forces are removed, the object
tends to its original shape, called elastic behavior

Large enough forces will

break the bonds between
molecules and also the
object
Beams
 Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior
If the strain disappears when
the stress is removed, the
material is said to behave
elastically.
The largest stress for which
this occurs is called the
elastic limit
When the strain does not
return to zero after the stress
is removed, the material is
said to behave plastically.
(From C to D)
text, p. 57 Stress & Strain: Axial Loading 8
 Stress-Strain Diagram:
Brittle Materials

text, p. 52 Stress & Strain: Axial Loading 9

 Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile
Materials

text, p. 52 Stress & Strain: Axial Loading 10

 Shear Modulus: Elasticity of
Shape
Forces may be parallel to
one of the objects faces
The stress is called a shear
stress
The shear strain is the ratio
of the horizontal
displacement and the
height of the object
The shear modulus is S
A material having a large
shear modulus is difficult to
bend
shear stress F/A
S
shear strain x / h
Shear modulus, G

Shear modulus, G:
shear stress F / A
G
shear strain x / h
Lecture notes byNote
Dr. M.that 27-Nov-17
the force lies in the plane of the area 12/21
S. Kariapper KFUPM -
Bulk modulus, B

Hydraulic compression or
stress

Bulk modulus, B:

volume stress F/A P

B
volume strain V / Vi V / Vi
F/A=P is the fluid pressure!
Lecture notes byNote
Dr. M.that the force acts 27-Nov-17
all around the body 13/21
S. Kariapper KFUPM -
 Bulk Modulus: Volume
Elasticity
Bulk modulus characterizes
squeezing
the response of an object to uniform

Suppose the forces are perpendicular to, and acts on, all
the surfaces -- as when an object is immersed in a fluid
The object undergoes a change in volume without a change in
shape
Volume stress, P, is the ratio of the
force to the surface area
This is also the Pressure
The volume strain is equal to the ratio
of the change in volume to the original
volume

volume stress F / A P
B
volume strain V / V V / V
Sample Problem 12- A steel rod has a radius R of 9.5 mm and a
length L of 81 cm. A 62 kN force stretches it
5 along its length. What are the stress on the rod
and the elongation and strain of the rod?

R2
The area of the end face is

F F 6.2 x 104N
stress
A R2 ( )(9.5 x 103 m)2

2.2 x 108 N / m2

( F / A) L (2.2 x 108 N / m2 )(0.81 m)

L 11 2 8.9 x 104 m 0.89 mm (Use E from
E 2.0 x 10 N / m
table)

L 8.9 x 104 m
1.1 x 103 0.11 %
L 0.81 m

Lecture notes by Dr. M. 27-Nov-17 15/21

S. Kariapper KFUPM -