HOW TO WRITE REFERENCES

ACCORDING APA
Ridha, Elisa, Rivanti and Ami
 WHAT IS REFERENCES

References is an essential part of a reserach / Thesis and

ethical values demand that authors identify the sources used in
their work. You are referencing in order to:
Acknowledge an intellectual debt to another author where you have drawn
from his or her published work or ideas, either explicitly or implicitly.
Support specific facts or claims which you make in your text.
Enable your reader to find sources to which you have referred easily and
quickly.
 BENEFITS OF REFERENCES

It Shows the range of reading that you have done.

This gains you marks.
It can make your own arguments more convincing by
supporting them with the ideas of acknowledged
experts and data from credible sources
It is a basic academic / research requirement and
doing so means you cannot be accused of plagiarism.
 ON THE REFERENCES PAGE -1

The last page of your paper is entitled References.

Order of entries:

List all references in alphabetical order. Each reference is listed

only once.

1. Authors: List the author's last name, followed by a comma and initials separated by
periods and spaces.
2. When listing two to six authors, place commas between them and use an ampersand
(&) before the last author's name. If the number of authors exceeds six, list the first
six followed by "et al."
3. For edited books with chapters written by individual authors, list the authors of the
chapter first, then the year, and the chapter title, followed by "In", the editors'
names, then (Eds.), and the book title.

[https://www.scribd.com/doc/66223107/References-According-to-the-APA-Style]
 ON THE REFERENCES PAGE -2

4. Date
The year goes after the authors, in parentheses and followed by a period, for example (2003).
If no year is identified, use (n.d.).

5. Title:
Capitalize the first letter of the first word in the title, and the first word in the subtitle. The
rest of the title is in lower-case, with the exception of proper names. The title is italicized or underlined.

6. Book references:
Give the title, edition, city of publication, and publisher. If there is an edition itappears after
the title, abbreviated, in parentheses, and followed by a period, for example (3rd ed.).

7. Journal references:
Give the journal title written in full, a comma, volume number [all italicized or underlined],
issue number in parentheses if available, comma, and the page range, followed by a period.
For example: Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 38(10), 1327-33.
 EXAMPLE OF REDERENCES

Center title References at the top of

the page.
* Do not bold.

Double-space lines

Use a hanging indent.

* Flush left the first line of the entry
and indent
subsequent lines one-half inch.

Alphabetize entries by the authors

surnames.
APA FORMAT STYLE
 REFERENCES BOOK IN APA
FORMAT

For a book, you should begin with the author (surname first), period, the year
the book was published, period, then the title of the book (italicized), then the
books edition (if noted) in parentheses, period, the place of publication, and
the publisher.

1. Book with One Author

Author, A.A.. (Year of Publication). Title of work. Publisher City ,
State: Publisher.

Finney, J. (1970). Time and again. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
Brown, C. (2005). Learning styles. Toronto, ON: Macmillan
 REFERENCES BOOK IN APA
FORMAT

2. Book with Two Authors:

The first given name appears in last name, first name format;
subsequent author names appear in first name last name format.

A. Michaels, P. J., & Ballin, R. C., Jr. (2000). The satanic gases: Clearing the air about
global warming. Washington, DC: Cato Institute.

B. Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. (2000). The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer
Tutoring. Boston: Allyn Print.
 REFERENCES BOOK IN APA
FORMAT

3. Book with Three, Four, Five Authors:

If a work has three (3), four (4) or five (5) authors, cite all authors the
first time and from then on include only the last name of the first author
followed by the words et al. (et al. is Latin for and others)

A. Wysocki, Anne Frances, et al. (2004). Writing New Media: Theory and
Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition. Logan:
Utah State UP Print.
B. Wysocki, Anne Frances, Johndan Johnson-Eilola, Cynthia L. Selfe,
and Geoffrey Sirc. (2004). Writing New Media: Theory and
Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition. Logan:
Utah State UP Print.
 REFERENCES BOOK IN APA
FORMAT

4. Two or More Books by the Same Author

List works alphabetically by title. (Remember to ignore articles like A,
An, and The.) Provide the authors name in last name, first name format for
the first entry only. For each subsequent entry by the same author, use three
hyphens and a period.

a) Palmer, William J. Dickens and New Historicism.(1997). New York: St.

Martin's. Print.
b) ---. The Films of the Eighties: A Social History. (1993). Carbondale: Southern
Illinois UP Print.
 REFERENCES BOOK IN APA
FORMAT
5. A Translated Book
Cite as you would any other book. Add "Trans."the abbreviation for
translated byand follow with the name(s) of the translator(s).

Foucault, Michel. 1988. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the

Age of Reason. Trans. Richard Howard. New York: Vintage-Random House,
Print.
6. Book chapter
Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Date of Publication). Title of
chapter or article. In Editor #1 First Initial. Middle Initial. Last Name, & Editor #2 First
Initial. Middle Initial. Last Name (Eds.), Title of book: Subtitle of book (pp. Pages). Place of
Publication: Publisher.

Grealy, L. (2002). Fear itself. In T. Roberts, M. Moser, D. LePan, C. Lawson, J. Gaunce, & J.
Britton (Eds.), The Broadview anthology of expository prose (pp. 450-461).
Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview.
Meiland, J. (2003). The difference between high school and college. In R. K. Durst (Ed.), You are
here: Readings on higher education for college writers (pp. 104-114). Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Prentice Hall.
 REFERENCES BOOK IN APA
FORMAT

7. An Edition of a Book
There are two types of editions in book publishing: a book that has
been published more than once in different editions and a book that is prepared
by someone other than the author (typically an editor).
a) A Subsequent Edition
Cite the book as you normally would, but add the number of the
edition after the title.
Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. 2004. Ancient Rhetorics for
Contemporary Students. 3rd ed. New York: Pearson/Longman Print.
b) A Work Prepared by an Editor
Cite the book as you normally would, but add the editor after the title.
Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Ed. (1998) Margaret Smith. Oxford:
Oxford UP Print.
 REFERENCES BOOK IN APA
FORMAT
List first editor with the last name first, followed by a comme and "(Ed.)."
Example: Smith, J. D. (Ed.).
Two editors are separated by a comma after the first author and the
ampersand ( & ) and are followed with a comma and "(Eds.)."
Example: Smith, J. D., & Jones, R. L. (Eds.).
Three to seven editors are separated with commas and the ampersand ( & )
and are followed with a comma and "(Eds.)."
Example: Smith, John D., Jones, R. L., & Harper, S. G. (Eds.).
More than seven: List up to six (6) editors; then ellipses, and then last
editor.
Example: Smith, J. D., Jones, R. L., Harper, S. G., Harris, K., Thompson, L. C.,
Nelson, G. A., ...Sampson, D. (Eds.).
 REFERENCES E-BOOK IN APA
FORMAT

The reference list entry for a whole e-book should include elements of author,
date, title (with e-reader book type in square brackets if applicable; italicize the
title but not the bracketed material), and source (URL or DOI).

Note that you give the commercial URL of the e-book supplier, NOT the
university web address of the database
 REFERENCES E-BOOK IN APA
FORMAT

Format
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Book title: Subtitle.
Retrieved from URL of the e-book OR doi: xxxx
Example

Hendry, J. (2005). Reclaiming culture: Indigenous peoples and self representation.

Retrieved from https://www.library.uq.edu.au/files/34067031843.pdf

Henke, J. (2012). Mobile phone devices: Development, features and effects on health. doi:
10.1596/9780-8213
 REFERENCES BROCHURES OR
PAMPHLETS IN APA FORMAT

Treat brochures, pamphlets, fact sheets etc. like books. Indicate the
type of publication in square brackets after the title, unless the publication
type is included in the title. When the publisher is the same as the author,
write 'Author' as the name of the publisher.

Format
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Title of brochure
[Brochure]. Location: Publisher.

Example
Southern Cross University. (2008). Copyright and you: A guide for staff
[Brochure]. Lismore, Australia: Author.
 REFERENCES IN JOURNAL

A journal is a scholarly publication containing articles written by

researchers, professors and other experts. Journals focus on a specific discipline or
field of study. Unlike newspapers and magazines, journals are intended for an
academic or technical audience, not general readers.
Most journal articles...
1. Are peer reviewed
2. Have original research
3. Focus on current developments
4. Cite other works and have bibliographies
5. Can be in print, online or both
6. Journals are published on a regular basis (monthly, quarterly, etc.) and are sequentially numbered.
7. Each copy is an issue; a set of issues makes a volume (usually each year is a separate volume).
Like newspapers and magazines, journals are also called periodicals or serials.
 REFERENCE LIST ENTRY:
JOURNAL ARTICLE

Journal article: basic form; two authors; read online, with doi

Gaudio, J. L., & Snowdon, C. T. (2008). Spatial cues more salient than color
cues in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) reversal learning. Journal of
Comparative Psychology, 122, 441-444. doi: 10.1037/0735-7036.122.4.441

Journal article: basic form; single author; print

Alibali, M. W. (1999). How children change their minds: Strategy change can
be gradual or abrupt. Developmental Psychology 35, 127-145.
Murray, M. E. (2001). Outcomes of concurrent utilization review. Nursing
Economics, 19, 17-23.
 REFERENCE LIST ENTRY: JOURNAL
ARTICLE

Journal article: basic form, two authors; read online, with doi

Hamilton, R. J., & Bowers, B. (2007). The theory of genetic vulnerability: A Roy
model exemplar. Nursing Science Quarterly, 20, 254-264. doi:
10.1177/0894318407303127

Journal article: two authors; read online from journal website; a webtext; no
page numbers; no doi

Carter, S., & Dunbar-Odom, D. (2009). The converging literacies center: An

integrated model for writing programs. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric, Technology, and
Pedagogy, 14.1. Retrieved from http://kairos.technorhetoric.net/
 REFERENCE LIST ENTRY: JOURNAL
ARTICLE

Journal article: journal paginated by issue; 3-6 authors; read online, with
doi

Alibali, M. W., Phillips, K. M. O., & Fischer, A. D. (2009). Learning new problem -
solving strategies leads to changes in problem representation. Cognitive Development,
24, 89-101. doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2008.12.005

Journal article: 7 or more authors; print

Yawn, B. P., Algatt-Bergstrom, P. J., Yawn, R. A., Wollan, P., Greco, M., Gleason,
M., et al. (2000). An in-school CD-ROM asthma education program. Journal of
School Health, 70, 153-159.
 REFERENCE LIST ENTRY: JOURNAL
ARTICLE

Journal article: in Internet-only journal; secondary reference

Greenberg, M. T., Domitrovich, C., & Bumbarger, B. (2000, March 30).

Prevention of mental disorders in school-aged children: Current state of the
field. Prevention and Treatment, 4, Article 1. Retrieved from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume4/pre0040001a.htm

Example

Antoni, Nurman. Oktober 2010, Exploring EFL Teachers strategies in teaching

reading comprehension. Jurnal penelitian pendidikan. Volume 11, N0. 2,
 REFERENCES MAGAZINE IN APA
FORMAT

In APA style, you should give the complete date of publication if the magazine is
published weekly or bi-weekly. If the magazine is monthly or bi-monthly, you only
need to give the month and year of publication. You do not need to list volume or
issue numbers. When you access an article online, include the digital object
identifier (DOI) when available. If no DOI is available, include the home page
URL of the journal.
Citing a magazine article found online
APA format structure:
Author, A.A.. (Year, Month of Publication). Article title. Magazine
Title,Volume(Issue), Retrieved from http://xxxx
APA format example:
Tumulty, K. (2006, April). Should they stay or should they
go? Time, 167(15) Retrieved from
http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1179361,00.htm
l
 REFERENCES MAGAZINE IN APA
FORMAT

Citing a magazine article in print

APA format structure:
Author, A.A.. (Year, month of Publication). Article
title. MagazineTitle,Volume(Issue), pp.-pp.
APA format example:
Tumulty, K. (2006, April). Should they stay or should they
go? Time, 167(15), 3-40.
 REFERENCES NEWSPAPER IN APA
FORMAT

In APA style, include the page number range for continuous pages (e.g., A12-
A13); for articles appearing on non-continuous pages, list all pages, separated
by a comma (e.g., A12, A14).
How to Cite a Newspaper in Print in APA
Structure:
Last, F. M. (Year, Month Date Published). Article title. Newspaper Title, pp.
Page(s).
Examples:
Bowman, L. (1990, March 7). Bills target Lake Erie mussels. The Pittsburgh
Press, p. A4.
Meier, B. (2013, January 1). Energy Drinks Promise Edge, but Experts Say
Proof Is Scant. New York Times, p. 1.
 REFERENCES NEWSPAPER IN APA
FORMAT

In APA, list "Retrieved from" followed by the URL of the Web site's homepage.
No date of access is needed.

How to Cite a Newspaper Online in APA

Format:
Last, F. M. (Year, Month Date Published). Article title. Newspaper Title, pp. Page(s).
Retrieved from URL.

Examples:
Bowman, L. (1990, March 7). Bills target Lake Erie mussels. The Pittsburgh Press, p.
A4. Retrieved from http://www.pittsburghpress.com

Meier, B. (2013, January 1). Energy drinks promise edge, but experts say proof is
scant. New York Times, p. 1. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
 REFERENCES NEWSPAPER IN APA
FORMAT

How to Cite a Newspaper on a Database in APA

Format:
Last, F. M. (Year, Month Date Published). Article title. Newspaper Title, pp.
Page(s). Retrieved from URL
Examples:
Anand, G. (2010, April 2). Fire and fumes can't drive Indians from hellish
village.Wall Street Journal, p. A1. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com
Carey, P. (2012, December 21). An apps-eye view of global warming and
climate change. Contra Costa Times. Retrieved from www.lexisnexis.com
 REFERENCES NEWSPAPER IN APA
FORMAT

How to Cite a Newspaper Article Published Directly Online in APA

Format:
Last, F. M., & Last, F. M. (Year, Month Date Published). Article title. Newspaper
Title. Retrieved from URL
Examples:
Sutter, J. D. (2010, March 31). Why internet connections are fastest in South
Korea. CNN Tech. Retrieved from http://cnn.com
Zeitlin, M. (2012, December 29). The milk cliff explained: Why a gallon may
soon hit $7. Newsweek. Retrieved from http://www.thedailybeast.com
 REFERENCES NEWSPAPER IN APA
FORMAT

Daily newspaper, no author

Format :
Article title. (Date of publication, showing year, month and date). Name of
newspaper, Page numbers preceded by p. or pp.

Example:
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July
15). The Washington Post, p. A12.

Cited in text: ("New drug," 1993)

 WEBSITE REFERENCES IN APA
FORMAT

Citing a general website article with an author

APA format structure:

Author, A.A.. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Article title. Retrieved from
URL

APA format example:

Simmons, B. (2015, January 9). The tale of two Flaccos. Retrieved from
http://grantland.com/the-triangle/the-tale-of-two-flaccos/
 WEBSITE REFERENCES IN APA
FORMAT

Citing a general website article without an author

APA format structure:
Article title. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Retrieved from URL

APA format example:

Teen posed as doctor at West Palm Beach hospital: police. (2015, January 16).
Retrieved from http://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/Teen-Posed-
as-Doctor-at-West-Palm-Beach-Hospital-Police-288810831.html