Missing Value

Introduction
What is certain in life?
Death
Taxes

What is certain in research?

Measurement error
Missing data

Missing data can be:

Due to preventable errors, mistakes, or lack of foresight by the
researcher
Due to problems outside the control of the researcher
Deliberate, intended, or planned by the researcher to reduce cost or
respondent burden
Etc.
Some Characteristics of Missing Data

Facets of missing data

Persons
Variables
Occasions
Missing Data Mechanisms (1)
Preliminaries:
Yobs: The non-missing (observed data)
Ymiss: The missing (unobserved data)
M: Whether the data on a given item for a given case is missing (1)
or not (0)
Missing Not at Random (MNAR)
The probability that an item is missing (M) is related to the
(unknown) value of the unobserved data (Ymiss)
Missing at Random (MAR)
The probability that an item is missing (M) may be related to the
observed data (Yobs) but is unrelated to the unobserved data (Ymiss)
Missing Completely at Random (MCAR)
The probability that an item is missing (M) is unrelated to either the
observed (Yobs) or the unobserved (Ymiss) data
Missing Data Mechanisms (2)

1. MNAR (Missing Not At Random)

Jika missing value pada suatu variabel berkorelasi dengan
variabel yang lain maupun pada dirinya sendiri

2. MAR (Missing At Random)

Jika missing value pada suatu variabel tergantung pada variabel
yang lain tapi tidak pada dirinya sendiri

3. MCAR (Missing Completely At Random)

Tidak terdapat pola sama sekali
Missing Data Mechanisms (3)
Missing Not At Random (MNAR) Missing At Random (MAR)
Missing Data in Research Studies

Missing data mechanism

Missing completely at random (MCAR)
Ignorable
Missing at random (MAR)Conditionally
ignorable
Missing not at random (MNAR)Nonignorable
Goals of a Missing Data Treatment
Preserve the essential characteristics of the data
Distributions of the variables
Relationships among the variables
Maintain the representativeness of the analyzed
data
Provide valid statistical inference
Maximize the statistical power of the study and its
statistical analyses
Avoid bias and instability in the parameter
estimates and standard errors for statistical
models
Missing Data Treatments
Deletion methods (MCAR only)
Listwise deletion
Pairwise deletion
Imputation methods
o Mean substitution
o Case substitution
o Regression imputation
o Cold deck imputation (random data)
o Hot deck (donor case) imputation
Cluster based methods
Distance based (e. g. nearest neighbor)
methods
MLE