Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Glucose
CYTOSOL
Pyruvate
No O2 present O2 present
Fermentation Cellular respiration
MITOCHONDRION
Anaerobic (non-redox)
(substrate-level),
simultaneous coupled
Aerobic (redox)
(Cellular respiration),
series coupled
Cellular respiration
• the process by which cells
transfer chemical energy from
nutrients to ATP molecules
• a redox process: releasing
energy by relocating electrons
Redox Reaction
Becomes oxidized
(loses an electron)
• Oxidation
Xe- + Y X + Ye-
– Lose an electron
Becomes reduced
(gains an electron)
• Reduction
– Gain an electron
Becomes oxidized
(loses an electron)
Na + Cl Na+ + Cl-
Becomes reduced
(gains an electron)
Redox Potential
- +
- -
-
-
-
-
-
+ Y Y+
H ½ H2
Oxidation Reduction
Redox Reaction
• These are classified as half reactions by
the ability of a substance to reduce a
standard
• Stage 1: Acetyl-CoA
production from
– Glucose
– Fatty Acids
– Amino Acids
• Stage 2: Acetyl-CoA
Oxidation (TCA cycle)
• Stage 3: Electron Transfer
& Oxidative Phosphorylation
Aerobic cell respiration
cytoplasm 10 10
H+
1
P
+2
D+
DH
P
P
P
NA
AT
AT
AD
NA
glucose
pyruvic acid
Glycolysis
Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)
Alcohol fermentation
Lactate fermentation
HH+
1
oxygen
+P
NAD+
DH
P
P
AD
AT
2
NA
Alcohol Fermentation
pyruvic acid
CO2 NAD+
H H
ethanol
H2 + 1/2
2H + /2 O2
1
O2
(from food via NADH)
Controlled
release of
energy for
2 H+ + 2 e –
synthesis
Elec
of
Free energy, G
Free energy, G
tron
release of ATP
heat and
trans
light ATP
energy
port
chai
2
n e– / 2 O2
1
2 H+
H2O H2O
Glycolysis Oxidative
2 Citric
2 phosphorylation:
Acetyl acid electron transport
Glucose Pyruvate CoA cycle and
chemiosmosis
About
Maximum per glucose: 36 or 38 ATP
each NADH can produce 3 ATP
each FADH2 can produce 2 ATP
Glycerophosphate shuttle
each NADH can produce 3 ATP
each FADH2 can produce 2 ATP
inner
mitochondria
electrons
H+
ATP Synthase
three
two
Pyruvate
ATP Citrate
Acetyl CoA
Citric
acid
cycle
Oxidative
phosphorylation
a ADP added
An oxygen electrode
may be used to record State 3
b
[O 2] in a closed vessel. [O 2] c ADP all
converted
Electron transfer, e.g., to ATP
NADH O 2, is State 4
monitored by the rate
of O 2 disappearance. time
State 3
Succinated ADP all
added converted
[O2] to ATP
State 4
State 4: coupled respiration
Uncoupler
(proton leak through inner
added
membrane) State 3 uncoupled