Respiration

Glucose

CYTOSOL

Pyruvate

No O2 present O2 present
Fermentation Cellular respiration

MITOCHONDRION

Ethanol Acetyl CoA

or
lactate
Citric
acid
cycle
ATP synthesis

Anaerobic (non-redox)
(substrate-level),
simultaneous coupled

Aerobic (redox)
(Cellular respiration),
series coupled
 Cellular respiration
• the process by which cells
transfer chemical energy from
nutrients to ATP molecules
• a redox process: releasing
energy by relocating electrons
 Redox Reaction
Becomes oxidized
(loses an electron)

• Oxidation
Xe- + Y X + Ye-
– Lose an electron
Becomes reduced
(gains an electron)
• Reduction
– Gain an electron
Becomes oxidized
(loses an electron)

Na + Cl Na+ + Cl-

Becomes reduced
(gains an electron)
Redox Potential
- +
- -

-
-
-

-
-

+ Y Y+
H ½ H2

Oxidation Reduction
 Redox Reaction
• These are classified as half reactions by
the ability of a substance to reduce a
standard

• The standard is the hydrogen ion in

equilibrium with molecular hydrogen (1
atm gas, 1 M H+)
Measurement of
Standard
Reduction
Potentials
Standard Reduction Potentials
The Three Stages of Cellular
Respiration (aerobic)

• Stage 1: Acetyl-CoA
production from
– Glucose
– Fatty Acids
– Amino Acids
• Stage 2: Acetyl-CoA
Oxidation (TCA cycle)
• Stage 3: Electron Transfer
& Oxidative Phosphorylation
Aerobic cell respiration
 cytoplasm 10 10

H+
1
P
+2

D+

DH

P
P
P

NA

AT
AT
AD

NA

glucose
pyruvic acid

Glycolysis
Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)
Alcohol fermentation
Lactate fermentation
 HH+

1
oxygen

+P
NAD+

DH

P
P
AD

AT
2

NA
Alcohol Fermentation
pyruvic acid

CO2 NAD+

H H

ethanol

Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation

Redox Reaction
Redox
potential
(V)
-0.4
NADH
-0.2 (I) 0.36V, 70 kJ  ATP
 
0.0 CoQ
 
+0.2 cyt b (III) 0.19 V, 37 kJ ATP
cyt c
+0.4 cyt a
(IV) 0.53 V
+0.6 112 kJ
 ATP
+0.8 O2
 Redox Non-Redox

H2 + 1/2
2H + /2 O2
1
O2
(from food via NADH)
Controlled
release of
energy for
2 H+ + 2 e –
synthesis

Elec
of

Free energy, G
Free energy, G

Explosive ATP ATP

tron
release of ATP
heat and

trans
light ATP
energy

port
chai
2
n e– / 2 O2
1
2 H+

H2O H2O

(a) Uncontrolled reaction (b) Cellular respiration

non-redox reaction: phosphorylation
(substrate-level)
 Shuttle Systems for Electrons
Cytosolic NADH (generated during glycolysis) doesn't
cross the inner mitochondrial membrane where ATP
synthesis occurs
• "Shuttle systems" effect electron movement without actually
carrying NADH
• Glycerophosphate shuttle stores electrons in glycerol 3-P,
which transfers electrons to FAD
– Brain
– Muscle
• Malate-aspartate shuttle uses malate to carry electrons across
the membrane
– Liver
– Heart
CYTOSOL Electron shuttles MITOCHONDRION
span membrane 2 NADH
or
2 FADH2

2 NADH 2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH2

Glycolysis Oxidative
2 Citric
2 phosphorylation:
Acetyl acid electron transport
Glucose Pyruvate CoA cycle and
chemiosmosis

+ 2 ATP + 2 ATP + about 32 or 34 ATP

by substrate-level by substrate-level by oxidative phosphorylation, depending
phosphorylation phosphorylation on which shuttle transports electrons
from NADH in cytosol

About
Maximum per glucose: 36 or 38 ATP
each NADH can produce 3 ATP
each FADH2 can produce 2 ATP

Glycerophosphate shuttle
each NADH can produce 3 ATP
each FADH2 can produce 2 ATP
 inner
mitochondria

electrons

H+

ATP Synthase

three

two

Electron Transport Chain –

Oxidative Phosphorylation
Site of Action of Inhibitors and Uncouplers of
Oxidative Phosphorylation
2,4-Dinitrophenol, an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation
Regulation of cell respiration
Glucose
AMP
Glycolysis
Fructose-6-phosphate Stimulates
+
Phosphofructokinase
– –
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Inhibits Inhibits

Pyruvate

ATP Citrate
Acetyl CoA

Citric
acid
cycle

Oxidative
phosphorylation
 a ADP added
An oxygen electrode
may be used to record State 3
b
[O 2] in a closed vessel. [O 2] c ADP all
converted
Electron transfer, e.g., to ATP
NADH  O 2, is State 4
monitored by the rate
of O 2 disappearance. time

Above is represented an O 2 electrode recording while

mitochondria respire in the presence of P i and an e  donor
(succinate or a substrate of a reaction to generate NADH).
The dependence of respiration rate on availability of ADP,
the ATP Synthase substrate, is called respiratory control.
 Pre-state 4
ADP added

State 3
Succinated ADP all
added converted
[O2] to ATP
State 4
State 4: coupled respiration
Uncoupler
(proton leak through inner
added
membrane) State 3 uncoupled

State 3: respiration rate of

phosphorylating mitochondria
(substrate transporters, electron time
transport chain and phosphorylation
system)

State 3 uncoupled: uncoupled respiration (electron transport chain

and substrate transporters)