CARPENTRY

• Carpentry deals with the processing of wood

to obtain desired shapes and sizes
 Hand tools
Large number of hand tools are used for
processing the wood
1.Marking and measuring tools
2.Cutting and parting tools
3.Boring tools
4.Striking tools
5.Holding tools
 Measuring tools

• Steel rule or engineer’s rule

• Wooden folding rule
• Steel tape
Steel rule
Wooden folding rule
Steel tape
 Marking tools
Important marking tools are
1.Straight edge
2.Try square
3.Marking gauge
4.Divider
5.Marking knife
Straight edge
Try square
Meter square
Bevel square
Marking knife
 Gauges
• Gauges are used for cutting parallel lines at a
given distance from the edge
Types of gauges
1.Marling gauge 7. divider
2.Mortise gauge8. Caliper
3.Panel gauge 9. spirit level
4.Cutting gauge 10.
5.Wing compass
6.Trammel
Marking gauge
Mortise gauge
 Panel gauge
• It is similar to marking gauge, but it has a long
stem which enables to mark the width of wide
boards such as door panels
 Cutting gauge
• Cutting gauge similar to marking gauge but it
has sharp cutter instead of a pin
• It is used to cut lines across the grains
• It is particularly adapted for dovetail joints
divider
calipers
caliper
 Hand saw
Hand saw is used for cutting wood to the
desired shape and size
Parts of hand saw
1.Handle
2.Blade
Specifications of hand saw
1.Length of blade– 600mm to 700mm
2.Pitch--- 2.5mm to 8mm
 Types of hand saw
1. Rip saw
2. Cross-cut saw
3. Panel saw
4. Tenon saw
5. Dovetail saw
6. Bow saw
7. Coping saw
8. Key hole saw
9. Compass saw
Rip saw
Use of rip saw
Cross cut saw
Tenon saw
Dovetail saw
Bow saw
Coping saw
Key hole saw & compass saw
 chisels
• Chisels are used for cutting excess wood for
making joints
• They are also used for shaping different
profiles in wood work
Parts of chisels
1.handle 2.blade
3.tang 4.shoulder
5.neck
Chisel-parts
 Types of chisels
The following chisels are most commonly used
1. Firmer chisel
2. Bevelled edge firmer chisel
3. Paring chisel
4. Mortise chisel
5. Socket chisel
6. Gouges
 Firmer
• Capable of doing heavy work
• Used for joining and shaping the wood
• Blade rectangular section with beveled edge
• Length of blade– 125mm
• Width—3 to 50mm
 Beveled edge firmer chisel
• Similar to firmer chisel but sides are beveled
• Used to cut sharp corners
• Particularly adapted for dovetail joints
• Length of blade—125mm
• Width– 3 to 50mm
• Blade is less strong than firmer chisel
 Paring chisel
• It is chisel with long blade
• Used to cut deep corners with with hand
pressure
• Mostly used in pattern making
 Mortise chisel
• These are robust can withstand heavy blows
• It has thick stock and narrow cutting edge
• Cutting edge is 6 to 13mm
 Socket chisel
• It is provided with socket instead of tang
• The wooden handle is inserted into this socket
• Socket prevents splitting of handle while
removing heavy stock
 gouges
• These are also called round chisels
• A gouge with a bevel on the outside is called a
firmer gouge
• A gouge beveled inside is called scribing gouge
• Used for making curved profiles
gauges
 planes
• Planes are used to produce flat and smooth
surfaces by cutting thin layers of wood
• Special purpose planes are also available for
cutting grooves and rebates
Parts of planes
1.body or sole 2.cutting blade
3.handle 4.knob
Parts of planes
 Types of planes
1. Jack plane
(a) wooden (b)metal
2. Trying plane
3. Smoothing plane
4. Rebate plane
5. Plough plane
6. Router plane
7. Spoke shave
8. Special planes
 Wooden jack plane
• Used to general purpose
• Consists wooden body, in which cutter is
fastened at an angle of 450 to the sole
• Length of plane is 350 to 425mm
• Blade is made of high carbon steel
• Width of blade is 50 to 75mm
• The cutting hardened and tempered
Wooden jack plane
 Metal jack plane
• The body is made of gray cast iron, it is
provided wooden handle at back and wooden
knob at front
• A fine screw is used for adjusting depth of cut
• Function is same as wooden jack plane
• It is durable and gives better surface finish
• Blade can be adjusted easily
Metal jack plane
 Trying plane
• Gives better surface finish
• Longer than wooden jack plane
• Cutter width is 60mm
Trying plane
 Smoothening plane
• It is similar to jack plane, but smaller in size,
and has no handle
• Length varies from 200 to 300mm
• Width of blade is 70mm
• Used for finishing and smoothening surfaces
which are already planed by jack plane
• It is handy and conveniently used to remove
uneven spots
Smoothening plane
 Rebate plane
• Small size plane length is 200mm
• Blade width is from 12 to 50mm
• Used to cut recess along the edge
• The blade is fastened with the help of wedge
Rebate plane
 Plough plane
• Used for making deep grooves of standard
size
• The depth of gauge is fixed on the body and
operated by thumb screw
• Width of blades is 3 to 15mm in the steps of
2mm
Plough plane
 Router plane
• Used for finishing the grooves to a constant
depth which are formed by the chisel or saw
 Spoke shave
• Used for finishing the curved surfaces
• The blade with a cap iron is held by screw, and
is adjustable to depth of cut .
• It has a provision for holding at the both the
ends
Spoke shave
 Boring tools
Boring tools are used for making holes in wood

Types of Boring tools

(a)Bradawl
(b)Gimlet
(c)Brace
(d)Auger
(e)Bits
Bradawl&jimlet
 Bradawl&jimlet
• Bradawl is used for boring of small holes for
inserting the screws and nails
• Bradawl has chisel like point, and it is
operated by hand
• Gimlet also hand operated tool used for
making small holes for screws. It has a spiral
flutes with screw like point .
 Brace
• It is a boring tool used for making holes. It
holds and rotates various types of bits for
producing holes
• It is operated by hand
• Most commonly used braces are Ratchet
brace & wheel brace
Ratchet brace
 Ratchet brace
• Used for making large holes
• It has wooden head and handle which is fitted
in bearings to turn easily
• At the bottom it is provided with a chuck to
hold the bit
• The ratchet positioned above the chuck helps
to rotate the bit in one direction only
 Wheel brace
• Used for making small holes and drills
• It has a chuck with self centering jaws which
holds the round and parallel shank drill
• Drill bit is rotated by operating the crank
Wheel brace
Auger
 Auger
• It is used for producing long deep holes of
diameter ranging from 6 to 40mm
• It is a steel bar with an eye at the top in which
a handle is fitted
• Bottom end is provided with screw
• It has flutes to remove chips
 Bits
There are number of bits are used with Brace
(i)Shell bit
(ii)Forstner bit
(iii)Counter sink bit
(iv)Expansion bit
(v)Centre bit
(vi)Drill
(vii)Reamer bit
Types of bits
Types of bits
 Bits
Shell bit: it is used for boring holes where the
accuracy and finish are not important. Holes
upto 12mm dia can be bored

Forstner bit: used to cut very clean hole. It has a

small locating point and a circular rim to guide
the bit. Used to make holes upto 30mm
diameter
 Bits
• Counter sink bit: it does not bore holes, but it
is used for shaping the top of a screw hole so
that the head of the screw lies below the
surface of the wood

• Expansion bit: it has an adjustable cutter and

can be used for boring shallow holes ranging
from 13 mm to 125mm diameter
 bits
• Centre bit: used for boring holes across the
grains. Range is from 3mm to 35 mm
diameter. It has a point with horizontal cutting
lips. It is not suitable for deep holes
• Drill: has twisted flute with two cutting lips.
Used in case of very hard wood
• Reamer bit : it has square taper body and is
used for enlarging the holes to the required
size
Striking tools
 Striking tools
Striking tools are used to drive in nails and to
operate chisels. The most common striking
tools are used in carpentry are hammers and
mallets

Hammers : it is primarily used for driving in nails.

The effectiveness of hammer is depends on
the manner in which the blow is struck. For
effective use hammer should be gripped at
the end of hammer
 Warrington hammer
• Mostly used for bench work and light work
• It is made of cast steel with tempered face
and peen
• The wooden handle fits into the eye and steel
wedge is driven into form a rigid joint
• The size of the hammer is designated by its
weight and is about 330 grams
 Claw hammer
• It is a dual purpose hammer

• It has a hammer face which is used to drive in

nails, and claw at the other end for pulling out
nails from the wood.

• Weight varies from 375 to 675 grams

 Mallet
• Mallet is used for operating chisels and gauges

• It is made up of hard wood and is provided

with a handle

• The striking faces are made flat, and may be

round and rectangular in cross-sections
Use of claw hammer
 Holding tools
• In wood working various devices are used to hold
and support the job while performing different
operations
• The common holding devices are
1. Bench 2. bench vice
3. Bench 4. bench hook
5. Bench hold fast 6. sash cramp
7. Hand screw 8. G. Cramp
 Bench
• work bench is basic supporting device for many
operations. It is usually 1.5 to 1.8 m long, 0.7 to 0.9
m wide and 0.7m high

• Two or four carpenter vices are fitted on opposite

sides to hold the jobs during the operation

• It is provided with accessories such as bench stop

bench hook
Work bench
Bench vice
 Bench vice
• It is made up of gray cast iron or steel, and it has two
jaws one of which is fixed to the side of a bench and
other is movable. The rotation of the handle causes
the movable jaw to open and close.

• The job is held between the two jaws

• It is used for holding the work for planing, sawing

and chiseling on the bench
Bench hook & bench hold fast
 Bench hook
• The bench hook is used to support the work
during planing or cutting

• It is made up of wood

• It can be placed conveniently on the work

table
 Bench hold fast
• It is used for securing work to the bench

• It consists of cast iron pillar, steel arm and

screw with a handle

• The pillar drops into a hole bored in the

bench, and screw operates the arm to hold
work on the table
Sash clamp
 Sash cramp
• It used for holding wide work such as box or
frame constructions and jointed boards

• It consists of a steel bar fitted with two jaws,

one of which is movable by a screw and other
is fixed in to one of the holes by fastening pin
Hand screw
G-Clamp
 G-Cramp
• It is used for holding small work
• It consists of a frame with a jaw at one end,
and movable jaw which is operated by a screw
and a thumb nut at the other end

• It is also used to hold small parts for gluing

• The frame is made up of cast iron and screw

with a jaw is made of steel
 Carpentry operations
1. Marking
2. Sawing
3. Planing
4. Chiseling
5. Boring
6. Rebating
7. Polishing
8. Grooving and tongueing
 Carpentry joints
• The successful construction with wood
depends on satisfactory joining

• Before joining, the wood is made to accurate

size with true surfaces

• The joints made in wood work are usually

secured firmly by means of dowel pins or
screws.
 Types of carpentry joints
• Halving joints
• Mortise and tenon joint
• Metre joint
• Dovetail joint
• Dowel joint
• Butt or rubbed joint
• Screw and slot joint
• Tongue and grooved joint
 Halving joint
• These are used in construction of frames

• After marking and cutting the two parts were

glued together with final external surfaces
level
Corner halving joint
T- halving joint
Halving joints
 Mortise and tenon joint
• It is strong joint used in construction of doors,
windows and frames

• The tenon (tongue) fits into a mortise(mouth)

• The open martise and tenon joint is called

briddle joint and is usually made in square
sections
Mortise & tenon joint
Bridle joint
 Metre joint
• It is formed by cutting the ends at an angle
• The two ends are joined by nails or screws
• This joint is used in photo frames
Metre joint
 Dowel joint
• It is used as substitute for mortise and tenon
joint, and securing loose parts to a product
Dowel joint
 But & rubbed joint
• It is widening joint used to produce wide
boards like drawing boards, table tops
• To make the joint the edges are planed with
trying plane and joined together with glue
Butt or rubbed joint
 Screw & slot joint
• This joint is used for thick wooden pieces
which do not glue readily

• On piece carries the screw while the other has

a hole for head of the screw and a slot for
shank
Screw & slotted joint
Tongue & grooved joint
 Tongue & grooved joint
• It is widening joint used for flanks and boards
• This is prepared by cutting a groove on one
edge and a matching tongue on the other
• The tongue is fitted into groove
• Sometimes grooves are made on both the
edges and a separate tongue is inserted in it.
Such joints are called inserted tongue and
groove joint