Lecture: 4

Instructor: Naveed Akram

APCOMS
Spring 2012
 What is the bit rate for high-definition TV
(HDTV)?
Where 1920*1080 Pixels per second
The screen is renewed 30 times per second
Twenty-four bits represents one colour pixel
 Consider a noiseless channel with a
bandwidth of 3000 Hz transmitting a signal
with two signal levels. The maximum bit rate
can be calculated using Nyquist Rate formula:

Bit Rate= 2*Bandwidth*log2L

So, Bit rate=2*3000log2=6000bps

 Consider an extremely noisy channel in which the
value of the signal-to-noise ratio is almost zero.
In other words, the noise is so strong that the
signal is faint. For this channel the capacity C is
calculated as

C=Blog(1+SNR)=Blog(1+0)=Blog1=B*0=0

This means that the capacity of this channel is

zero regardless of the bandwidth. In other words,
we cannot receive any data through this channel.
 We can calculate the theoretical highest bit
rate of a regular telephone line. A telephone
line normally has a bandwidth of 3000. The
signal-to-noise ratio is usually 3162. For
this channel the capacity is calculated as

C=Blog(1+SNR)=3000log(1+3162)=3000lo
g(3163)
=3000*11.62 =34860bps
This means that the highest bit rate for a
telephone line is 34.860 kbps. If we want to
send data faster than this, we can either
increase the bandwidth of the line or
improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
 A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass
only an average of 12,000 frames per minute
with each frame carrying an average of 10,000
bits. What is the throughput of this network?

Solution
We can calculate the throughput as

Throughput=(12000*10000 )/60 =2Mbps

The throughput is almost one-fifth of the

bandwidth in this case
 What is the propagation time if the distance
between the two points is 12,000 km? Assume
the propagation speed to be 2.4 10^8 m/s in
cable.
Solution
We can calculate the propagation time as

Propagation time =(12000*1000)/2.4*10^8

The example shows that a bit can go over the

Atlantic Ocean in only 50 ms if there is a direct
cable between the source and the destination.
 Data Communication Network

Internet & World Wide Web

Home Networking
 1 2 3 4 5 6

Input Input data g Transmitted Received Output data g Output

Information or signal signal signal or signal Information
m g(t) s(t) r(t) g(t)
m

Receiver
Sender

Input Transmission Output

Transmitter Receiver
Device medium Device

Source System Destination System

Data encoding: the process of transforming input
data or signals into signals that can be transmitted

Signal generation: generating appropriate electro-

magnetic signals to be transmitted over a
transmission medium

Synchronization: timing of signals between the

transmitter and receiver ; when a signal begins and
when it ends; duration of each signal
Error detection and correction: ensuring that
transmission errors are detected and corrected

Flow control: ensuring that the source does not

overwhelm the destination by sending data faster
than the receiver can handle

Multiplexing: a technique used to make more

efficient use of a transmission facility. This
technique is used at different levels of
communication
Addressing: indicating the identity of the
intended destination
Routing: selecting appropriate paths for data
being transmitted
Message formatting: conforming to the
appropriate format of the message to be
exchanged
Security: ensuring secure message transmission
Systems management: configuring the system,
monitoring its status, reacting to failures and
overloads, and planning for future growth
A communication network is a
collection of devices connected by some
communications media
Example devices are:
mainframes, minicomputers, supercomputers
workstations, personal computers
printers, disk servers, robots
Gateways, switches, routers, bridges
Cellular phone, Pager, PDA
Refrigerator, Television, Video Tape Recorder
Communications Media
twisted pairs
coaxial cables
line-of-sight transmission: lasers,
infra-red, microwave, radio
satellite links
fiber optics
Power line
 Computer Communication the
exchange of information between
computers for the purpose of
cooperative action

Computer Network a collection of

computers interconnected via a
communication network
 A network of networks

Based on TCP/IP (Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet Protocol)

A variety of services and tools

 TCP/IP enables the different types of
machines on separate networks to
communicate and exchange information.
TCP/IP is
A suite of protocols
Rules for sending and receiving data across
networks
Addressing
Management and verification
 The Internet offer access to data, graphics,
sound, software, text, and people through a
variety of services and tools for
communication and data exchange
E-Mail
Usenet
FTP
World Wide Web
 A way to provide and access information resources
on the Internet
Using Web Browser & Web Server
Based on HTML and HTTP
Multimedia
Hypertext "links" can lead to other documents, sounds,
images, databases (like library catalogs), e-mail
addresses, etc.
Non-Linear
There is no top, there is no bottom. Non-linear means
you do not have to follow a hierarchical path to
information resources.
 a piece of software that acts as an interface between
the user and the Internet, specifically the World Wide
Web
The browser acts on behalf of the user. The browser:
contacts a web server and sends a request for information
receives the information and then displays it on the user's
computer
The browser can be graphical or text-based and can
make the Internet easier to use and more intuitive
The helper applications are automatically invoked by
the browser when a user selects a link to a resource
that requires them
A Web browser can be used on most of computers
 the collection of technologies and services
that make it possible to connect
PCs
Network devices
Appliances
Security equipment
 Building Internet into consumer products is
now possible
Standardization has occurred
Costs are low
Low-cost, high-speed LAN and routers
Ethernet, IEEE , Phone Wire, RF, etc.
Video rate networks IEEE, Gigabit Ethernet
Modem and broadband networking are
becoming ubiquitous
 ADSL and HFC (cable) networks
Enable broadband Internet to the home
LANs, power line carrier, phone line networks,
and wireless
Enable ubiquitous connectivity
Internet connection sharing
Brings the Internet to everything in the home
The communications software infrastructure
has been determined:
 Data
Extension of current use of Internet by PDAs,
tablets, multiple PCs
Communications
Telephony, videophone, chat, conferencing
Entertainment
Games, TV, high-fidelity audio
Control
Lights, security, appliances
Public networks
PSTN, Internet
Network
camera
HomePNA
Phone line network
Power line
network

Hub

Web
Printer phone
IEEE 1394

HomeRF Entertainment
Communications Center
and control Camera Scanner
The process of converting digital data to
digital signals
 Signal Element vs. Data Element
Signal element is the shortest unit of a digital signal
Signal element is the carrier of data elements
ratio r is the number of data elements carried by each
signal element
Data Rate vs. Signal Rate
Data rate is the number of data elements (bits) sent in 1s
Its unit is bits per second (bps)
Signal rate is the number of signal elements sent in 1s
Its unit is baud
Signal Rate/ baud rate / pulse rate / modulation rate S = c * N *
1/r
Where N is data rate and c is the case factor (worst,
best, avg).
 S = c * N * 1/r
We need to increase data rate while
decreasing signal rate.
C: best low signal rate
worst high signal rate
 A signal is carrying data in which one data
element is encoded as one signal element. If
the bit rate is 100 kbps, what is the average
value of the baud rate if c is between 0 and 1?
Solution
r=1
We assume that the average value of c is The
baud rate is then
So S= c*n*1/r = 0.5*100000*1/1=50000baud
 Bandwidth:
Although the actual bandwidth of a digital
signal is infinite, the effective bandwidth
is finite.
 Baseline Wandering:
The running average of a received signal is
called baseline
A long string of 0s or 1s can cause a drift in
baseline
Decoding according to baseline value
DC Components:
long strings of 0s or 1s
Fourier yield low frequencies
Problematic for systems which Cannot pass
low frequencies
 Self-synchronization:
Matching of senders and receivers bit
intervals / clocks
 In a digital transmission, the receiver clock is
0.1 percent faster than the sender clock. How
many extra bits per second does the receiver
receive if the data rate is 1 kbps? How many if
the data rate is 1 Mbps?
Solution
At 1 kbps, the receiver receives 1001 bps
instead of 1000 bps.
Example
At 1 Mbps, the receiver receives 1,001,000
bps instead of 1,000,000 bps.
 Built-in error detection:
Immunity to Noise and interferences:
Complexity:
 BehrouzA. Forouzan,
Data Communications And Networking
-Fourth Edition

Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley

Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach
-Fourth Edition