Hazardous Air Pollutants

(HAPs)

also known as
Toxic Air Pollutants or Air Toxics
 What are HAPs?
Polutan udara yang bersifat tosik dapat menyebabkan dampak kesehatan
yang serius:
Cancer
Respiratory problems
Neurological problems
Reproductive problems
Birth defects

Menimbulkan dampak negative pada lingkungan dan ekologi

What are HAPs? (cont.)
EPA required to control 188 hazardous air
pollutants
Defined by Clean Air Act (CAA)
Amendments of 1990 (see list)
5 important air pollutants not on
list, ditanggani secara
terpisah"criteria pollutants
 CAA - Title I NAAQS
Criteria Pollutants
Particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Ozone (O3)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Lead (Pb) is both criteria pollutant and HAP
 Examples of HAPs - Mercury
Thermometers
Thermostats Flame Sensor Float Switch Tilt Switch
Switches (gas range) (sump pump) (washing
machine)
Lighting (fluorescent, CFL, HID, Neon)
Batteries (button-cell, mercury-oxide)
Coal-burning power plants
Burning municipal or hazardous waste
(Hg fact sheets and info at www.newmoa.org)
 Examples of HAPs - Mercury
Mercury mines (none currently operating)
Extraction of gold in mining
Fish and marine
mammals
State health officials are actively
monitoring Alaska residents and
have not found any cases of unsafe
mercury exposures resulting from
consumption of Alaska fish
(www.epi.alaska.gov/eh/fish/)
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0072-94/
Examples of HAPs - Cadmium
Common in industrial workplaces
Tobacco smoke
Nickel-cadmium (NiCad) batteries (power tools, cordless phones, professional
radios, airsoft guns)
Examples of HAPs - Lead
Lead solder
Batteries
TV screens and computer monitors
Ammunition
Weights
Building demolition with lead-based paint
Red Dog Mine
 Examples of HAPs - Dioxins
Group of chemical compounds that share similar chemical structures
Herbicides - 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) Agent Orange &
Esteron
Sources: byproduct of combustion and production processes involving chlorine
Examples of HAPs - Asbestos
Natural asbestos deposits
Insulating material (building materials before 1975,
heat-resistant fabrics)
Asbestos Containing Material (ACM)
floor tile
Roofing material
Packing and gaskets
(Removal requires special equipment and detailed
training)
More Examples of HAPs
Formaldehyde particle board, new manufactured homes
(building materials and home furnishings), smoking, incomplete
fuel combustion
Beryllium combustion of coal and fuel oil, incineration of
municipal waste
Benzene, Toluene gasoline
Vinyl chloride used to make plastics (PVC)
Radionuclides naturally occurring radon, fallout from nuclear
tests
Sources of HAPs - Major Sources
(large sources)
More than 10 tons/year of one HAP
or more than 25 tons/year of
combination of HAPs
Chemical plants
Coal-burning power plants
Coke ovens steel plants
Mines (Red Dog) and refineries
 Sources of HAPs - Area Sources (small
sources)
Vehicle exhausts
Village fuel venting tanks
Gas stations
Burning landfills
Dry cleaners
Print shops
Long-Range Transport
Grasshopper Effect
 Indoor Sources
Combustion
Treated wood in wood stoves
Exhaust from furnace
Cigarettes

Building materials/furnishings
Dioxins from bleached fabrics
Formaldehyde from pressed wood
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Paints, new carpet, glues
 Indoor Sources (cont.)
Household cleaning/maintenance products
Chlorine (Clorox)
Glues (typically, strong-smelling substances contain VOCs
Glass cleaners can contain benzene, ammonia, more

Storage / Arctic entries / Attached garages

Paints and solvents
Exhaust and fuels
 Effects of HAPs
Health Effects of HAPs
Cancer
Neurological problems
Reproductive issues
Birth defects
Respiratory problems
 Effects of HAPs (cont.)
Environmental effects of HAPs
Soils spilled gasoline, leached into dump
Water spilled gas, runoff from dump
Air venting tanks, burning waste
Greatest Risk in Villages
Normally not a high risk
Some risk
Running small boats frequently or rebuilding carburetors
Living downwind from a dump where trash is burned
Using commercial cleaning and building materials

Natural sources in/near villages

 Regulation of HAPs
Emission controls
Health-based in 1970 Clean Air Act
Not implemented
Disagreement about regulating carcinogens
Technology-based in 1990 Clean Air Act
Pollution prevention
 Regulation of HAPs (cont.)
Regulations
By source category
Regulate major sources first
Maximum Achievable Control Technology
(MACT)
Pollution prevention