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DIFFUSION
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Learning outcome
Define diffusion
State Ficks law of diffusion
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WHAT IS DIFFUSION ?
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DIFFUSION
It is defined as a process of mass transfer of individual
molecules of a substance brought about by random
molecular motion and associated with a driving force
such as a concentration gradient.
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Factors Affecting Diffusion
Concentration gradient (CA CB)
Partition coefficient (K)-Solubility of a solute in oil relative
to its solubility in water
Size of the solute molecule
Viscosity of the medium
The thicker the cell membrane, the lower the rate of
diffusion (X or h)
The greater the surface area of membrane available, the
higher the rate of diffusion (A)
Diffusion coefficient (D)
- size of solute molecule
- viscosity of the medium
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DIFFUSION BASED PROCESS
Drug absorption
Drug elimination
Drug release
Osmosis
Ultra filtration
Dialysis
Mambrane
Barrire
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STEADY STATE DIFFUSION
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FICKS I LAW
The amount M of material flowing through a unit
cross section S of a barrier in unit time t is known as the
flux J
dM
J
S .dt
The flux, in turn, is proportional to the concentration
gradient, dc/dx:
dc
J D
dx
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Diffusion coefficient/ diffusivity
No. of atoms dn dc
crossing area A DA Cross-sectional area
per unit time dt dx Concentration gradient
Flow direction
A
dc
J
dx
dc
J D
dx
1 dn dc
J D
A dt dx
dn dc
DA
Ficks first law
dt dx
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FICKS SECOND LAW
An equation for mass transport that emphasizes the
change in concentration with time at a definite location
rather than the mass diffusing across a unit area of barrier in
unit time is known as Ficks second law
c J
t x
J c 2
D 2
x x
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substituting Dc/dt From the above equation
c 2c
D 2
t x
c 2c 2c 2c
D 2 2 2
t x y z
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STEADY STATE
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When the system has been in existence a sufficient time,
the concentration of diffusant in the solution at the left and
right compartments becomes constant , but obviously not
same .
Then within each compartment the rate of change of
concentration dc/dt will be zero and by second law.
dc d 2c
D 2 0
dt dx
2e
D 2 0
z
Integrating above equation twice using the conditions that at z=0,c=Cd and at
z=h, C=Cr yields the fallowing equation
D
J (c1 c2 )
h
The term h/D is called deffusional resistance R the flux equation can be
written as
c1 c2
J
R
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If a diaphragm separates the two compartments of a diffusion
cell, the first law of ficks may be written as
dM c1 c2
J D
Sdt h
Where,
S=cross sectional area
H=thickness
c1 ,c2= concentration on the left and right sides of the
membrane
(c1-c2)/h within the diaphragm must be assumed to be
constant for quasi-stationary state to exist.
The concentrations c1,c2 can be replaced by partition
coefficient multiplied by the concentration Cd on the donor
side or Cr on receiver side. 20
c1 c2
K
cd cr
dM DSK (cd cr )
dt h
DK
P (cm / sec)
h
If sink condition in the receptor compartment Cr 0
dM DSKcd
PSCd
dt h
P=permeability coefficient
P is obtained from slope of a linear plot permeant (M) vs. t.
M PSCd t 21
SUMMARY:
STRUCTURE & DIFFUSION
Diffusion FASTER for... Diffusion SLOWER for...
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SIMPLE DIFFUSION CELL
The diffusion chambrer constructed in a simple way
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DIFFUSION CELL FOR PERMEATION THROUGH
STRIPPED SKIN LAYERS:
B-glass chamber
C-aluminum collar
dM Dm SK
(c g c p )
dt h
Gut compartment has high conc. and a large volume compared to Cp, Cg becomes
constant and Cp relatively small. Equation becomes
dM Dm SKCg
dt h
Where,
M= amount. Of drug in gut compartment at time t
Dm=diffusivity in intestinal membrane
S= area of the membrane
K= partition coefficient
h= membrane thickness
Cg=conc. of drug in intestinal compartment
Cp=conc. of drug in plasma compartment
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the left hand side converted in to concentration units, C(mass/unit volume) x
V(volume). On the right hand side of the diffusion constant, membrane area , partition
coefficient, and membrane thickness are combined to yield a permeability coefficient. These
changes leads to the pair of equations
dcg
V Pg C g 1
dt
dc p
V Pp C g 2
dt
Cg , Pg are the concentration And permeability coefficient for drug
passage from intestine to plasma for reverse passage of drug from plasma to
intestine
Cg and V are constants
dC g / dt Pg
dC p / dt Pp
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Modification PH -partition Hypothesis
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Applications
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Processes such as dialysis, micro filtration, ultra
filtration, hemodialysis, osmosis use the principal of
diffusion.
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References
SINKO .J PATRICK , Martins physical pharmacy and
pharmaceutical sciences , 5th edition , pp no.301 to 337.
SUBRAMANYAM.C.V.S , A text book of physical
pharmaceutics , pp no.-110 to 127.
The theory and practice of industrial pharmacy ,leo
lachmann ,heberta. Liberman ,joseph L. Kanio:3rd edition
,pg no- 158 to 159.
Encyclopedia of pharmaceutical technology , 2nd edition
,volume -2: pg no -1246 to 1247 ; edited by james swarbrick
,james C.Boylan.
www.phrmainfo.net
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