MKT1132

Fundamentals of Electric
Circuits

Dr. Kadir ERKAN

Department of Mechatronics Engineering

Spring : 2014
Lecture 1

FEC 1
 Resistance
Materials in general have a characteristic behavior of resisting the flow of electric
charge. This physical property, or ability to resist current, is known as resistance
and is represented by the symbol R. The resistance of any material with a uniform
cross-sectional area A depends on A and its length l.

Where is known as the resistivity of the

material in ohm-meters.
FEC 2
 Resistors
Commercially available resistors are defined by colorbands printed on.
Regularization and standardization of the colorbands are directed by IEC 60062
norm.
The resistance color code cosists of three
or four color bands and is followed by a
abnd representing the tolerance. The
temperature coefficient band, if provided,
is the right of the tolerance band and is
usually a wider band positioned on the end
cap.

FEC 3
 Resistors

FEC 4
 Ohm Law
Georg Simon Ohm (17871854), a German physicist, is credited with finding the
relationship between current and voltage for a resistor. This relationship is known as
Ohms law. Ohms law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly
proportional to the current i flowing through the resistor.

R=0 is known as a SHORT CIRCUIT R= is known as a OPEN CIRCUIT

FEC 5
 Conductance
The reciprocal of resistance R, known as conductance and denoted by G.

The power dissipated by a resistor can be expressed in terms of R.

[watt]

FEC 6
 Resistance Characteristics
Ohms law is an empirical relationship that finds widespread application in
electrical engineering, because of its simplicity. It is, however, only an approximation
of the physics of electrically conducting materials. Typically, the linear relationship
between voltage and current in electrical conductors does not apply at very high
voltages and currents. Further, not all electrically conducting materials exhibit linear
behavior even for small voltages and currents. It is usually true, however, that for some
range of voltages and currents, most elements display a linear i-v characteristic.

In this course we will assume that i-v characteristics of the all resistors are
LINEAR; or at least, operation of resisitors are happening in linear region of
FEC 7
characterics.
 Resistance Characteristics
Ohms law is an empirical relationship that finds widespread application in
electrical engineering, because of its simplicity. It is, however, only an approximation
of the physics of electrically conducting materials. Typically, the linear relationship
between voltage and current in electrical conductors does not apply at very high
voltages and currents. Further, not all electrically conducting materials exhibit linear
behavior even for small voltages and currents. It is usually true, however, that for some
range of voltages and currents, most elements display a linear i-v characteristic.

In this course we will assume that i-v characteristics of the all resistors are
LINEAR; or at least, operation of resisitors are happening in linear region of
FEC 8
characterics.
 Temperature Change of Resistors
In general, as the temperature of a material increases, most conductors increase in
resistance, insulators decrease in resistance, although the resistance of some special
alloys remain almost constant.The temperature coefficient of resistance of a
material is the increase in the resistance of a 1 resistor of that material when it is
subjected to a rise of temperature of 1C. The symbol used for the temperature
coefficient of resistance is . Some typical values of temperature coefficient of
resistance measured at 0C are given below:

If the resistance of a material at 0C is known the resistance at any other temperature

can be determined from:

FEC 9
 Numerical Examples 1
In the circuit shown in left Fig. calculate the current i,
the conductance G, and the power p.

FEC 10
 Numerical Examples 2
A voltage source of 20sin(t) V is connected across a 5-k resistor. Find the
current through the resistor and the power dissipated.

The resistance of a 5m length of wire is 600. Determine

(a) The resistance of an 8m length of the same wire,
(b) the length of the same wire when the resistance is 420.

FEC 11
 Numerical Examples 3
A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 100 when its temperature is
0C. Determine its resistance at 70C if the temperature coefficient of resistance of
copper at 0C is 0.0043/C.

The resistance of a coil of aluminium wire at 18C is 200. The temperature of the
wire is increased and the resistance rises to 240. If the temperature coefficient of
resistance of aluminium is 0.0039/C at 18C determine the temperature to which the
coil has risen.

FEC 12
 Topological Concepts of Circuits
Since the elements of an electric circuit can be interconnected in several ways, we
need to understand some basic concepts of network topology. To differentiate
between a circuit and a network, we may regard a network as an interconnection of
elements or devices, whereas a circuit is a network providing one or more closed
paths. In network topology, we study the properties relating to the placement of
elements in the network and the geometric configuration of the network. Such
elements include branches, nodes, and loops.
A branch is any portion of a circuit with two terminals connected to it. A branch
may consist of one or more circuit elements

FEC 13
 Topological Concepts of Circuits
A node is the junction of two or more branches (one often refers to the junction
of only two branches as a trivial node).

A loop is any closed connection of branches.

FEC 14
 Topological Concepts of Circuits
A mesh is a loop that does not contain other loops.

A network with b branches, n nodes, and l independent loops will satisfy the
fundamental theorem of network topology:
Two or more elements are in series if
they exclusively share a single node
and consequently carry the same
current.

Two or more elements are in parallel if

they are connected to the same two
nodes and consequently have the same
voltage across them.
FEC 15
 Kirchoffs Laws
Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of
currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.

The sum of the currents

entering a node is equal to
the sum of the currents
leaving the node.

i1 + (-i2) + i3 + i4 + (-i5) = 0
i1 + i3 + i4 = i2 + i5

q=xt

q1 + (-q2) + q3 + q4 + (-q5) = 0
q1 + q3 + q4 = q2 + q5

FEC 16
 Kirchoffs Laws
Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages
around a closed path (or loop) is zero.

-v1 + v2 + v3 - v4 + v5 = 0
v2 + v3 + v5 = v1 + v4

Sum of voltage drops Sum of voltage rises

FEC 17
 Numerical Examples 4
For the circuit in Fig. find voltages v1 and v2.

Determine vo and i in the circuit shown in Fig.

FEC 18
 Numerical Examples 5
Find currents and voltages in the circuit shown in Fig.

FEC 19
 Seri Resistors
The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in series is the sum
of the individual resistances.

Same current flows through all

resistors!!!

FEC 20
 Voltage Divider

Dividing resistor
number can be
more than 2

FEC 21
 Parallel Resistors
The equivalent resistance of two parallel resistors is equal to the product of
their resistances divided by their sum.

Same voltage is shown across all

resistors!!!

FEC 22
 Current Divider

FEC 23
 Numerical Examples 6
Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab in the circuit in Fig.

FEC 24
 Numerical Examples 7
Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab in the circuit in Fig.

FEC 25
 Numerical Examples 8
Find i0 and v0 in the circuit shown in Fig. Calculate the power dissipated in the 3
resistor.

FEC 26
 Numerical Examples 9
For the circuit shown in Fig. (a), determine: (a) the voltage vo (b) the power supplied
by the current source, (c) the power absorbed by each resistor.

FEC 27
 /Y Transformation for Resistor Circuits
In some situations, resistors in an electrical circuit are connected in a way that they
can not be evaluated by either serial or parallel connection to find out equivalent
resistance value. These connections may have form of / (delta) or Y/T (star). By
employing given transformation, one is transformed another and further simplification
is attained.

Two forms of the same network: Two forms of the same network:
(a) Y, (b) T. (a) , (b) .
FEC 28
 /Y Transformation for Resistor Circuits

is given and Y equivalent is obtained by;

For the details of derivation

refer to textbook

FEC 29
 /Y Transformation for Resistor Circuits

Y is given and equivalent is obtained by;

For the details of derivation

refer to textbook

FEC 30
 Numerical Examples 10
Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit in Fig.

FEC 31