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An intuitive approach
(theory will come next)
Focus on calls
Giuseppe Bianchi
1 user making phone calls
TRAFFIC is a stochastic process
BUSY 1
IDLE 0
time
How to characterize this process?
statistical distribution of the BUSY period
statistical distribution of the IDLE period
statistical characterization of the process memory
E.g. at a given time, does the probability that a user starts a call result
different depending on what happened in the past?
Giuseppe Bianchi
Traffic characterization
suitable for traffic engineering
amount of busy time in t
traffic intensity A i lim
t t
average number of calls per min average call duration min
probabilit y that, at a random time t, user is in BUSY state
mean process value
Giuseppe Bianchi
Traffic Intensity: example
adimensional
Giuseppe Bianchi
Traffic generated by more than
one users
U1 Traffic intensity
(adimensional, measured in Erlangs):
4
U2
A Ai 4 Ai
i 1
U3
U4
4 k
Pk active calls Ai 1 Ai
4 k
k
Eactive calls 4 Ai A
TOT
Giuseppe Bianchi
example
5 users
Each user makes an average of 3 calls per
hour
Each call, in average, lasts for 4 minutes
calls 4
hours erl
1
Ai 3
hour 60 5
A 5 erl 1erl
1
5 number of active users
0
probability
0,327680
Meaning: in average, there is 1 active call; 1 0,409600
but the actual number of active calls varies 2 0,204800
3 0,051200
from 0 (no active user) to 5 (all users active), 4 0,006400
with given probability 5 0,000320
Giuseppe Bianchi
Second example n. active users
0
1
binom
1
30
probab
1,3E-01
2,7E-01
cumulat
0,126213
0,396669
2 435 2,8E-01 0,676784
30 users 3
4
4060
27405
1,9E-01
9,0E-02
0,863527
0,953564
Each user makes an 5
6
142506
593775
3,3E-02
1,0E-02
0,987006
0,996960
average of 1 calls per 7 2035800 2,4E-03 0,999397
hour 8 5852925 5,0E-04 0,999898
9 14307150 8,7E-05 0,999985
Each call, in average, 10 30045015 1,3E-05 0,999998
lasts for 4 minutes 11
12
54627300
86493225
1,7E-06
1,9E-07
1,000000
1,000000
4
13 119759850 1,9E-08 1,000000
A 30 1 2 Erlangs
14 145422675 1,7E-09 1,000000
15 155117520 1,3E-10 1,000000
60 16 145422675 8,4E-12 1,000000
17 119759850 5,0E-13 1,000000
SOME NOTES: 18 86493225 2,6E-14 1,000000
19 54627300 1,2E-15 1,000000
-In average, 2 active calls (intensity A); 20 30045015 4,5E-17 1,000000
-Frequently, we find up to 4 or 5 calls; 21
22
14307150
5852925
1,5E-18
4,5E-20
1,000000
1,000000
-Prob(n.calls>8) = 0.01% 23 2035800 1,1E-21 1,000000
60 12
Ai 1 Ai
48
12
60 12 48
exp log i log i log i 12 log Ai 48 log 1 Ai
i 1 i 1 i 1
(no overflow! ! never! )
Giuseppe Bianchi
Infinite Users
Assume M users, generating an overall traffic intensity A
(i.e. each user generates traffic at intensity Ai =A/M).
We have just found that
M
A
k 1
M k M! A M
Pk active calls, M users Ai 1 Ai M k
k M k ! k ! M A
k
1
M
Let Minfinity, while maintaining the same overall traffic intensity A
M k
1 A
k
A A
P k active calls, users lim
M!
M M k ! k! M k
1 1
M M
A
M
M M 1 M k 1
k
Ak A A
A Ak
lim 1 1 e A
k! M M k
M M k!
Giuseppe Bianchi
Poisson Distribution
30%
poisson
A=2 erl
25% binomial (M=30)
20%
A=10 erl
15%
10%
5%
0%
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Assumptions: 30%
C 0%
Pi offered calls
i 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Pi offered calls
i 0
Giuseppe Bianchi
Blocking probability: Erlang-B
Fundamental formula for Efficient recursive computation
telephone networks planning available
Ao=offered traffic in Erlangs AE A o
E1,C Ao o 1,C 1
C Ao E1,C 1 Ao
AoC 100,00%
0,01%
0 1 2 3 4 5
offered load (erlangs)
Giuseppe Bianchi
NOTE: finite users
Erlang-B obtained for the Erlang-B can be re-obtained
infinite users case as limit case
It is easy (from queueing Minfinity
theory) to obtain an explicit Ai0
blocking formula for the MAiAo
finite users case:
Giuseppe Bianchi
Channel usage efficiency
Offered load (erl) Carried load (erl)
Ao C channels Ac Ao 1 B
Ao B
Blocked traffic
Ac Ao 1 E1,C Ao Ao
efficiency : if small blocking
C C C
Fundamental property: for same GOS, efficiency
increases as C grows!! (trunking gain)
Giuseppe Bianchi
example
100,0%
A= 40 erl
A= 60 erl
A= 80 erl
blocking probability
A= 100 erl
10,0%
1,0%
0,1%
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
capacity C
Giuseppe Bianchi