INTRODUCTION

Objective
Understand different methods that used to
analyse stress and strain in solid body
Apply various principles to solve problems in
solid mechanics
Analyse forces of solid body cause by
external force
Analyse the result of solid mechanics
experiments
 INTRODUCTION (Cont)
Learning Outcome
Apply the concepts of stress, strain, torsion and bending and
deflection of bar and beam in engineering field
Explain the stress, strain, torsion and bending
Calculate and determine the stress, strain and bending of solid
body that subjected to external and internal load
Use solid mechanic apparatus and analyse the experiments
result
Work in-group that relates the basic theory with application of
solid mechanics
 TOPICS
Topic cover
Stress and strain
Introduction to stress and strain, stress strain diagram
Elasticity and plasticity and Hookes law
Shear Stress and Shear strain
Load and stress limit
Axial force and deflection of body

Torsion
Introduction, round bar torsion, non-uniform torsion.
Relation between Youngs Modulus E, and G
Power transmission on round bar
 TOPICS (Cont)
Topic cover
Shear Force and bending moment
Introduction, types of beam and load
Shear force and bending moment
Relation between load, shear force and bending moment

Bending Stress
Introduction, Simple bending theory
Area of 2nd moment, parallel axis theorem
Deflection of composite beam
 TOPICS (Cont)
Topic cover
Non Simetric Bending
Introduction, non-simetric bending
Product of 2nd moment area, determination of stress

Shear Stress in beam

Introduction, Stream of shear force
Shear stress and shear strain in edge beam

Deflection of Beam
Introduction
Equation of elastic curve, slope equation and integral
deflection
Statically indeterminate Beams and shaft
 REFERENCES

1. James M. Gere (2006) Mechanics of Materials. 6th

Edition, Thompson
2. R.C. Hibbeler (2003) Mechanics of Materials. 5th
Edition, Prentice Hall
3. Raymond Parnes (2001), Solid Mechanics in
Engineering. John Willey and Son
 Stress and strain
DIRECT STRESS
When a force is applied to an elastic body, the body deforms. The
way in which the body deforms depends upon the type of force
applied to it.

Compression force makes the body shorter.

A tensile force makes the body longer

Tensile and compressive forces are called DIRECT FORCES
Stress is the force per unit area upon which it acts.

Force F .. Unit is Pascal (Pa) or N / m 2

Stress
Area A ( Simbol Sigma)

Note: Most of engineering fields used kPa, MPa, GPa.

DIRECT STRAIN ,
In each case, a force F produces a deformation x. In engineering, we
usually change this force into stress and the deformation into strain
and we define these as follows:
Strain is the deformation per unit of the original length.

Strain
x The
symbol
called EPSILON
L

Strain has no units since it is a ratio of length to length. Most

engineering materials do not stretch very mush before they become
damages, so strain values are very small figures. It is quite normal to
change small numbers in to the exponent for 10-6( micro strain).
 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (E)

Elastic materials always spring back into shape when released.

They also obey HOOKEs LAW.

This is the law of spring which states that deformation is directly

proportional to the force. F/x = stiffness = kN/m

The stiffness is different for the different material and different sizes of the
material. We may eliminate the size by using stress and strain instead of
force and deformation:

If F and x is refer to the direct stress and strain , then

F A FL
F A x L hence
x L
and
Ax
 The stiffness is now in terms of stress and strain only and this
constant is called the MODULUS of ELASTICITY (E)

E FL

Ax

A graph of stress against strain will be straight line with

gradient of E. The units of E are the same as the unit of
stress.

ULTIMATE TENSILE STRESS

If a material is stretched until it breaks, the tensile stress has
reached the absolute limit and this stress level is called the
ultimate tensile stress.
STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM
 STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM

Elastic behaviour
The curve is straight line trough out most of the region
Stress is proportional with strain
Material to be linearly elastic
Proportional limit
The upper limit to linear line
The material still respond elastically
The curve tend to bend and flatten out
Elastic limit
Upon reaching this point, if load is remove, the
specimen still return to original shape
 STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM
Yielding
A Slight increase in stress above the elastic limit will
result in breakdown of the material and cause it to
deform permanently.
This behaviour is called yielding
The stress that cause = YIELD STRESS@YIELD
POINT
Plastic deformation
Once yield point is reached, the specimen will
elongate (Strain) without any increase in load
Material in this state = perfectly plastic
 STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM
STRAIN HARDENING
When yielding has ended, further load applied, resulting in a curve
that rises continuously
Become flat when reached ULTIMATE STRESS
The rise in the curve = STRAIN HARDENING
While specimen is elongating, its cross sectional will decrease
The decrease is fairly uniform
NECKING
At the ultimate stress, the cross sectional area begins its localised
region of specimen
it is caused by slip planes formed within material
Actual strain produced by shear strain
As a result, neck tend to form
Smaller area can only carry lesser load, hence curve donward
Specimen break at FRACTURE STRESS
SHEAR STRESS
Shear force is a force applied sideways on the material (transversely
loaded).

When a pair of shears cut a material

When a material is punched

When a beam has a transverse load

Shear stress is the force per unit area carrying the load. This
means the cross sectional area of the material being cut, the
beam and pin.
F
Shear stress, and symbol is called Tau
A
The sign convention for shear force and stress is based on how it
shears the materials as shown below.
 SHEAR STRAIN
The force causes the material to deform as shown. The shear strain
is defined as the ratio of the distance deformed to the height

x
L
.
Since this is a very small angle , we can say that :

Shear strain

x

L
( symbol called
Gamma)
MODULUS OF RIGIDITY (G)

If we conduct an experiment and measure x for various values of F,

we would find that if the material is elastic, it behave like spring and
so long as we do not damage the material by using too big force,
the graph of F and x is straight line as shown.

F
The gradient of the graph is constant so cons tan t
x

and this is the spring stiffness of the block in N/m.

If we divide F by area A and x by the height L, the relationship is

still a constant and we get
 If we divide F by area A and x by the height L, the relationship is
still a constant and we get
F
A F x L FL con tan t
x A x Ax
L
F
F L FL
Where A then x con tan t
A x Ax
x

L

This constant will have a special value for each elastic material
and is called the Modulus of Rigidity (G).
G

ULTIMATE SHEAR STRESS

If a material is sheared beyond a certain limit and it becomes

permanently distorted and does not spring all the way back to its
original shape, the elastic limit has been exceeded.

If the material stressed to the limit so that it parts into two, the
ultimate limit has been reached.

The ultimate shear stress has symbol

and this value is used
to calculate the force needed by shears and punches.
DOUBLE SHEAR

Consider a pin joint with a support on both ends as shown. This

is called CLEVIS and CLEVIS PIN
By balance of force, the force in the two supports is F/2 each
The area sheared is twice the cross section of the pin
So it takes twice as much force to break the pin as for a case of
single shear
Double shear arrangements doubles the maximum force
allowed in the pin
LOAD AND STRESS LIMIT

DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Will help engineers with their important task in Designing
structural/machine that is SAFE and ECONOMICALLY perform for
a specified function

DETERMINATION OF ULTIMATE STRENGTH

An important element to be considered by a designer is how the
material that has been selected will behave under a load
This is determined by performing specific test (e.g. Tensile test)
ULTIMATE FORCE (PU)= The largest force that may be applied
to the specimen is reached, and the specimen either breaks or
begins to carry less load
ULTIMATE NORMAL STRESS
(U) = ULTIMATE FORCE(PU) /AREA
ALLOWABLE LOAD / ALLOWABLE STRESS

Max load that a structural member/machine component will be allowed

to carry under normal conditions of utilisation is considerably smaller
than the ultimate load
This smaller load = Allowable load / Working load / Design load
Only a fraction of ultimate load capacity of the member is utilised when
allowable load is applied
The remaining portion of the load-carrying capacity of the member is
kept in reserve to assure its safe performance
The ratio of the ultimate load/allowable load is used to define FACTOR
OF SAFETY

FACTOR OF SAFETY = ULTIMATE LOAD/ALLOWABLE LOAD

@
FACTOR OF SAFETY = ULTIMATE STRESS/ALLOWABLE STRESS
SELECTION OF F.S.

1. Variations that may occur in the properties of the member under

considerations
2. The number of loading that may be expected during the life of the
structural/machine
3. The type of loading that are planned for in the design, or that may
occur in the future
4. The type of failure that may occur
5. Uncertainty due to the methods of analysis
6. Deterioration that may occur in the future because of poor
maintenance / because of unpreventable natural causes
7. The importance of a given member to the integrity of the whole
structure
 WORKED EXAMPLE 8

0.6 m
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SELF ASSESSMENT NO. 5
AXIAL FORCE & DEFLECTION OF BODY

Deformations of members under axial loading

If the resulting axial stress does not exceed the proportional limit of
the material, Hookes Law may be applied E
Then deformation (x / ) can be written as
FL

AE
 WORKED EXAMPLE 9

0.4 m
WORKED EXAMPLE 9
WORKED EXAMPLE 9
SELF ASSESSMENT NO. 6