Distance Protection for transmission

lines: part 1
Power Transmission
and Distribution

Siemens AG 2006
Why impedance protection?

Situation: Meshed network and two infeeds

Directional overcurrent time relays

0,6s 0,3s

0,6s 0,3s

0,6s 0,3s

0,6s 0,3s
non-selective trip

Siemens AG 2006
Page 2 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Basic principle of impedance protection

Localization of short-circuits by means of an impedance measurement:

- fault on the protected line

Z1

relay A

- fault outside the protected line Z2

relay A

selectivity

Siemens AG 2006
Page 3 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Distance measurement (principle)

IL1 ZL

IL2 ZL = RL + j XL

IL3
ZE = RE +j XE
IE ZE

UL1 UL2 UL3

6 loops: 3 phase- phase loops and

3 phase- ground loops

phase- phase -loop: UL1-L2 = ZL ( IL1 - IL2)

Measured current
measured voltage

The same applies to the remaining loops

Siemens AG 2006
Page 4 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Distance measurement (principle)
IL1 ZL

IL2 ZL = RL + j XL
IL3

IE ZE ZE = RE +j XE

UL1 UL2 UL3

phase-ground-loop: UL1 = L1 ( RL + j XL )- E ( RE +j XE)

L1, E measured current

UL1 measured voltage

The same applies to the remaining loops

Siemens AG 2006
Page 5 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Load and short-circuit impedances
ZL
distance relay
operating ZLF1
characteristic ZLF2

Fault area
X RF RF
ZL F1 F2 ZLoad
D
Phase - Phase Fault
ZLF2 ZF2 RR RF / 2
RR
ZLoad
Phase - Earth Fault
RR
ZLF1 ZF1 RR RF /(1 + RE/RL)
jL
Minimum Load Impedance:
jSC2 Minimum voltage 0,9 Un
Fault in jSC1 R
Maximum current 1,1 In
reverse Maximum angle 30
direction Load area

Siemens AG 2006
Page 6 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Principle of (analog) distance relaying
ISC
ZS A ZL B

ZSC
E

U1= k1 USC= k1 ISCZSC.

Relay design:
comparator operation if
U1< U2
i.e. ZSC< ZReplica

X ZReplica
U2=k2 ISCZReplica Ext. fault
ZReplica (line replica impedance)
(corresponds to the set zone reach) Internal fault
R

Siemens AG 2006
Page 7 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Graded distance zones

Z3
t = grading time
time Z2 t3
Z1 t2

t1

A B C D
D1 D2 D3

distance
Grading rules:

Z1 = 0,85 ZAB Safety margin is 15 %:

- line error
Z2 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 ZBC) - CT, VT error
Z3 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 (ZBC + 0,85 ZCD)) - measuring error

Siemens AG 2006
Page 9 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Impedance zones of digital relays (7SA6 and 7SA52)

X Distance zones
Line
Inclined with line angle j
Z5
Angle a prevents overreach of Z1
Z4 on faults with fault resistance
Z2 that are fed from both line ends
Z1B
a
Z1

Load j Load

Fault detection
no fault detection polygon: the
largest zone determines the
Z3
fault detection characteristic
simple setting of load
encroachment area with
Rmin and jLoad

Siemens AG 2006
Page 19 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Zone grading chart, radial feeder

Z3
Z2
A Z1 B C D

D D D >> ZT
>t

Z1 = 0.85 ZA-B Grading according

the recommendation
Z2 = 0.85 (ZA-B + 0.85 ZB-C) with the safety margin
of 15%.
Z3 = 0.85 [ ZA-B + 0.85 (ZB-C+ 0.85 ZC-D) ]

Siemens AG 2006
Page 20 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Ring feeder: with grading against opposite end

grading time
(s)
0.6
0.3

The same grading from both sides

Siemens AG 2006
Page 21 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution
Grading in a branched radial system
Z3

L2

Z1 L3

L1
Z2

L4

The impedances of the Z2 and Z3 must be grading with the shortest impedance

Siemens AG 2006
Page 22 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part1 Power Transmission and Distribution