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These are the gates built on the inside of the dam. The
water from reservoir is released and controlled through
these gates. These are called inlet gates because water
enters the power generation unit through these gates. When
the control gates are opened the water flows due to gravity
through the penstock and towards the turbines. The water
flowing through the gates possesses potential as well as
kinetic energy.
HYDRAULICS OF HYDROPOWER INTAKES
Good intake
(iv) Drop type intake (trench type) Fig. 5a, Fig.5b, Fig.5c, Fig.5d
Boulder stream
Bottom racks
Intake Chamber
Power Channel
Bottom racks
Fig.5a Drop Type Intake (PLAN)
Fig.5b Drop Type Intake (SECTION)
(B) Reservoir Type Intakes
Provided at the u/s face of dam or in open channels with flat bottom; and
where width of dam is inadequate to accommodate the intake.
Intake is located at a distance from the dam (any type of dam). Intake
may be semi-circular, tower type or inclined.
High head installation
tunnel
Adopted :
Consists of
(ii) Vertical or inclined trash rack at the face of transition or away from the face
Adopted :
(a) When the reservoir is formed by earthen dam and conduit is laid below it;
and
(b) When the intake is subjected to low head variations like in-ROR scheme
(c) Vertical shaft below tower type rack supporting structure; and
(d) Bend from shaft to tunnel with optional accelerating elbow and flare
depending or model studies
(e) Use Cc = 0.6 and actual shape of jet profile of circular orifice
Adopted:
(i) When the intake is located at a distance from u/s face of the dam.
(ii) When the reservoir is formed by earthen dam and penstock tunnel is laid
below it; and
(iii) When the intake is subjected to large head variations, resulting in complete
submergence of structure
(D) Re-entrant Type Intake (Fig. 8b)
Adopted :
See Fig. 12
Features:
The width between pier noses at the racks (be) will be 142.857 percent
of (b) with the racks resting against the flattened nose of the pier.
The water approaching the intake shall not be required to turn more
than 60o when entering the rack. Losses increase rapidly when angle
is more than 30o the loss at 60o being over 4 times that at 30o.
Rounding of the upstream edge of the bars will reduce the loss
approximately 45%.
Fig. 12
HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF BELLMOUTH OPENING
ha > 0.3 he
h
R0 e ha
2
> 0.8 he
1
V 2
0.345 h e
Va
VA = Approach velocity =Q/area of hemisphere, i.e, 2R20 about 0.6 to 0.9 m/s
Penstock area
1. Opening Area =
Cc cos
x1
Cc = 0.6 for high head
= 0.7 for low head
x2 y2
1
1.1D 0.291D
2 2
he = h1 + h2
Flow area at any distance along the centreline of the transition is taken
proportional to the area of free jet issuing from a sharp-edge circular
orifice.
Variation of radius of jet in percent of penstock diameter and area of jet
in percent of penstock area with distance from face of entrance along
the centreline in percent of penstock diameter for Cc =0.6 and 0.7 are
shown below after USBR Design Manual No. 6.
Profiles and areas of free jet from sharp-edge circular orifice
If the length of centerline of transition from entrance to the end of
transition is 0.55D for Cc = 0.6 or 0.5D for Cc=0.7, the area of jet may
be read from the above figure.
However if the length of the centerline of transition is not equal to 0.55
D for Cc = 0.6 or 0.5D for Cc =0.7, the area of the jet may calculated by
considering semi-major axis of the ellipse equal to the length of
centerline of transition.
Say for example length of transition is 2D. Thus semi-major axis of the
ellipse is 2D and semi-minor axis 0.1455D. Taking this profile of jet, one
can calculate area of jet at different distances along the centreline.
Such computation is made for Cc =0.6 and profile and area of jet are
shown below.
The computed flow area of section based on the free jet of sharp-edge
circular orifice is adjusted for the angle that section makes with the
centreline of the penstock.
Thus, opening area = 1.667*penstock area/cos
60
55
50
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Distance from face of entrance along centreline in percent of penstock diameter
AREA CURVE OF FREE JET FOR Cc = 0.60
170
Area in percent of Penstock area
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Distance from face of entrance along centreline in percent of penstock diameter
Elliptical Fillets
bn
x 2 y2
1
a o2 b o2
hn
ao
br bo
Vortex Classification
CLOSEUP OF FREE-SURFACE VORTEX AT NIMBUS DAM
Air-entraining vortex
S
0.3
V D
S
0.4
V D
S (m); D(m); V(m/s)
H > 0.8 he
Submergence Depth
IS 9761:1985
V
Fr
gD
h
D h
D
Submergence Depth
1.724
d
0.42
S 5.6
c Q
F
0.5
0.314
k 30.06 N v for N V 5 10 4
Sc
0.44 F0.53
d
V Vd
C , F , R
Vd gd
Submergence Depth (Continued)
0.80 0.90
U
Sc i U
0.36
d gd gd
i i i
Sc Ui
0.29
d
i U
Anti Vortex Device (Parallel Fins) at the Reservoir Intake
Dinorwic Type anti Vortex
Device at Power Intake
Anti Vortex Device (Perforated Breast-Wall) at the Reservoir Intake
Sump Design for Single Pump Dry Well Sump
Design an intake structure (including trash rack) for a hydro power using
the following data: