How Student Learn

Learning and Cognitive

Process
 How Student Learn
Learning and Cognitive Process
What is Learning?

Learning as a change in behavior

Learning as a change in mental association
The evolution of learning theories
Early Psychology
(use of nonobjective methods)

Behaviorism Early Cognitive Perspective

(focus on stimuli and response) (focus on internal mental events)

Social Learning Theory

(focus on learning by observation)

Cognitive Psychology
(focus on information processing
and knowledge construction
Social Cognitive Theory
(interpretation of observational learning in
terms of cognitive process)
ayam becak garpu sapi perahu

kemeja piring celana cangkir kuda

kereta kambing bus topi kaos kaki

cangkir sepatu sendok truk unta

Basic Assumption of Cognitive Psychology

Influence of cognitive processes

Selectivity about what is learned
Construction of meaning
Role of prior knowledge and beliefs
Active involvement in learning
Influence of cognitive processes

People learn information more easily when they can relate it to

something they already know
People learn several pieces of new information more easily when
they can relate them to an overall organization
Basic Terminology in Cognitive Psychology

Memory
Storage
Encoding
Retrieval
Memory

Learners ability to save things (mentally) that they have previously

learned
Storage

The acquisition of new knowledge the process of putting what is

learned into memory in the first place
Encoding

Store information in different way from how it was presented before

Retrieval

The process of remembering previously store information

Finding the information in memory
 A model of the human memory system

input

Sensory Working Long Term

Register (Short Term) Memory
input attention Memory
In deptth
processing
(often involves
connecting new
input information to
prior knowledge
Sensory Register

Sensory register is the component of memory that holds the

information you receive (input) in more or less its original,
unencoded form.
Working (short term) memory

STM is the component of memory where new information is

held while it is mentally processed
Working memory is where our thinking or cognitive
processing occurs
Ex: when understand a textbook, solve a problem etc
2 characteristic: a short duration & limited capacity
Long Term Memory

LTM is the final component of the human memory system

3 characteristics: long duration, unlimited capacity,
interconnectedness