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Werub
rub ebonite
We
wool
Gaining and losing electrons
Atoms of some objects hold their outer electrons
more loosely than others.
Glass hold electrons more loosely than wool and
wool hold electrons more loosely than ebonite.
Rubbing removes electrons from glass to wool. The
protons in glass remain in place. Glass, that loses
electrons, becomes positively charged.
Rubbing removes electrons from wool to ebonite.
Ebonite, that gains electrons, becomes negativeley
charged.
Explanation
A small piece of paper is neutral. It contains
positive charges as much as negative
charges.
Positive charges on a rubbed glass rod
attract the negative charges on the paper.
Negative charges on a rubbed ebonite rod
attract the positive charges on the paper.
Two charges with the same sign repel
The two rods are charged positively.
A positive charge repels another positive
charge.
Repulsion +
+
Repulsion of electric charges
A positive charge repels another positive
charge.
+ Repulsion +
+ Repulsion +
- Repulsion -
Attraction of electric charges
Two charges with the same sign attract.
+ -
Attraction
+ -
Attraction
Electric force between two charges
You have seen in chemistry that:
Any atom, that loses electrons, becomes a
positive ion.
Electric charge of positive ion, or positively
charged object, is a multiple of the proton
charge (p+ = + 1,6 X 10-19 C).
Any atom, that gains electrons, becomes a
negative ion.
Electric charge of negative ion, or negatively
charged object, is a multiple of the electron
charge (e- = - 1,6 X 10-19 C).
Electric force between two charges
Between two electric charges q and q, there is an
electric force. We can calculate this force by using
Coulombs formula.
9 q q
Coulombs Formula F 9 10
r2
q and q are the charges values in coulombs (C) without sign.
r is the distance between the two charges in meters (m).
F is the force value in newtons (N).
F r F
+q +q
Example
The ionic bond between the ions Na+ and Cl-
is an electric force between two opposite
electric charges.
What is the electric charge q of sodium ion?
What is the electric charge q of chloride ion?
Calculate the value of this electric force?
Given :
The distance between the two ions is 276 pm
(1 pm = 1 picometer = 10-12 m).
Electron charge = -1.6 x 10-19 C.
Aswers
Sodium ion has 11 protons et 10 electrons. It has
one more proton.
Its charge q = +1.6 x 10-19 C.
Chloride ion has 17 protons et 18 electrons. It has
one more electron.
Its charge is q = -1.6 x 10-19 C.
Electric force 9 q q
F 9 10
r2
(1.6 10 19 ) (1.6 10 19 )
F 9 10 9
(276 10 12 )2