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1. AFIF FAHMI BIN FATHULHANIF (2016579147)

2. MUHAMMAD ASYRAF BIN MOHD REJAB (2016598891)
3. MUHAMMAD SYAHMI BIN NOR MOKLES (2016500535)
4. MARYAM MAGDELINA BINTI RAZALI (2016709669)
5. ROS AMIRAH NADIA BINTI MOHD ROSLI (2017629964)
BONE AND SKELETAL MUSCLE
JOINTS AND MECHANICAL SYSTEM
 MUSCULAR AND CONTRACTILE SYSTEMS

Definition
The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the
human body. Attached to the bones of the skeletal system are
about 700 named muscles that make up roughly half of a persons
body weight. Each of these muscles is a discrete organ
constructed of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons, and
nerves.
Functions of skeletal muscles
To move the body limb by creating motion.
To provide strength by generating active force.
To protect joints by absorbing shock

Definition Muscle Contract

The act that muscle fibers generate tension which leads to the muscle
become shortening, remain the same length, or lengthening.
Type of muscle contraction
Concentric contraction (shortening contraction)
Definition Muscle contraction with the length of the entire muscle shortened
Eccentric contraction (lengthening contraction)
Definition Muscle contraction with the length of the entire muscle lengthened
Isometric contraction (static contraction)
Definition Muscle contraction with muscle length kept no change
Isotonic
Definition : Kind of muscle contraction that develops constant tension throughout the whole muscle
excursion as isotonic contraction. However, it is seldom seen in the living body
Isokinetic
Definition One kind of muscle contraction that occurs when the rate of movement is constant
Application in Sport Physiology
Lunges
Lunges allow you to elevate your heart rate while also targeting several muscle groups
simultaneously. Targeted muscles include the gluteus in your hips and butt, along with
the hamstrings and quadriceps in your thighs. The calf muscles in your lower legs, your
abdominal muscles and your back muscles act as stabilizers during this exercise
 CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins,
and capillaries)

It delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries waste products to the
organs responsible for elimination.

The arteries carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body, and the veins carry
blood back to the heart.
Functions of blood and circulation:

Circulates OXYGEN and removes Carbon Dioxide.

Provides cells with NUTRIENTS.
Removes the waste products of metabolism to the excretory organs for disposal.
Protects the body against disease and infection.
Clotting stops bleeding after injury.
Transports HORMONES to target cells and organs.
Helps regulate body temperature
 The respiratory system removes carbon dioxide from the blood stream and
replaces oxygen. The two main gases in the respiratory process, oxygen and
carbon dioxide, are exchanged by ventilation and diffusion.

Pulmonary ventilation is the mechanical movement of air in and out of the lungs
due to different atmospheric pressures inside the lungs and the external
environment.

Oxygen moves from the lungs to the blood due to the tension being greater in the
lungs than the blood.

Carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the lungs due to the tension of carbon
dioxide being greater than the tension in blood.
 NERVOUS AND MOTOR SYSTEMS

Consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs and all of the nerves that connect
these organs with the rest of the body.

These organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication
among its parts.

The brain and spinal cord form the control center known as the central nervous
system (CNS), where information is evaluated and decisions made.
Neurons
Central to the functioning of the nervous
system is an extensive network of specialized
cells called neurons.

Neurons feature many thin projecting

fibers called axons, which penetrate deep
into tissues.

They are able to communicate with other

cells by chemical or electrical means at
synapses.

Neuronal function is supported by

neuroglia, specialized cells which provide
nutrition, mechanical support, and protection.
Function of Nervous System
The nervous system is a highly integrated system. The nervous system has three
overlapping functions which are :

Sensory input

Integration

Motor response
1) Sensory
Sensory input comes from the many sensory receptors that monitor changes
occurring both inside and outside the body. The total sum of the information gathered
by these receptors is called sensory input. The nervous system processes and interprets
sensory input and decides what actions should be taken. The nervous system activates
effector organs such as muscles and glands to cause a response called motor output.
2) Integration
At a more integrative level, the primary function of the nervous system is to
control and communicate information throughout the body. It does this by
extracting information from the environment using sensory receptors. This sensory
input is sent to the central nervous system, which determines an appropriate
response.

3) Motor response
Once the response is activated, the nervous system sends signals via motor
output to muscles or glands to initiate the response.
 ENERGY SYSTEM

Energy is required for all kinds of bodily processes including growth and
development, repair, the transport of various substances between cells and
of course, muscle contraction.
 BASIC ENERGY SYSTEM

The ATP-PCr System The Glycolytic System

ATP and creatine phosphate (also called Glycolysis literally means the breakdown
phosphocreatine or PCr for short) make (lysis) of glucose and consists of a series of
up the ATP-PCr system. enzymatic reactions.

The Oxidative System

The oxidative system consists four processes to produce
ATP:
Slow glycolysis (aerobic glycolysis)
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle)
Electron transport chain
Beta oxidation
 FITNESS COMPONENTS

Fitness defines the ability to perform physical activity, and encompasses a wide
range of abilities.
Each sport and activity requires a specific set of skills, and so being fit for a sport
requires a specific skill set.
Being fit for one sport does not necessarily make you fit for another.
Fitness component list
Body Composition refers primarily to the distribution of muscle and fat in the
body. Body size such as height, lengths and girths are also grouped under this
component.
Muscular Strength the ability to carry out work against a resistance.
Muscular Endurance the ability to repeat a series of muscle contractions
without fatiguing.
Power the ability to exert a maximal force in as short a time as possible, as in
accelerating, jumping and throwing implements.
Motor Skill gross motor skills are the basic skills developed when young, which
can be developed upon with specific sports skills training.
 Speed / Quickness the ability to move quickly across the ground or move limbs
rapidly to grab or throw.
Agility the ability to quickly change body position or direction of the body.
Flexibility the capacity of a joint to move through its full range of motion, which
is important for execution of the techniques of sports.
Balance and Coordination the ability to stay upright or stay in control of body
movement, an important component of many sports skills.
Cardiovascular Endurance or aerobic fitness, stamina, is the ability to exercise
continuously for extended periods without tiring.
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